Initial commit: Cloud Instances API

Multi-cloud VM instance database with Cloudflare Workers
- Linode, Vultr, AWS connector integration
- D1 database with regions, instances, pricing
- Query API with filtering, caching, pagination
- Cron-based auto-sync (daily + 6-hourly)
- Health monitoring endpoint

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.gitignore

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+node_modules/
+dist/
+.wrangler/
+.dev.vars
+*.log
+.DS_Store

package.json

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+{
+  "name": "cloud-instances-api",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "private": true,
+  "scripts": {
+    "dev": "wrangler dev",
+    "deploy": "wrangler deploy",
+    "test": "vitest",
+    "db:init": "wrangler d1 execute cloud-instances-db --local --file=./schema.sql",
+    "db:init:remote": "wrangler d1 execute cloud-instances-db --remote --file=./schema.sql",
+    "db:seed": "wrangler d1 execute cloud-instances-db --local --file=./seed.sql",
+    "db:seed:remote": "wrangler d1 execute cloud-instances-db --remote --file=./seed.sql",
+    "db:query": "wrangler d1 execute cloud-instances-db --local --command"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@cloudflare/workers-types": "^4.20241205.0",
+    "typescript": "^5.7.2",
+    "vitest": "^2.1.8",
+    "wrangler": "^3.99.0"
+  }
+}

schema.sql

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+-- Cloud Server Pricing Database Schema
+-- SQLite/Cloudflare D1 Compatible
+-- ISO 8601 datetime format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
+
+-- ============================================================
+-- Table: providers
+-- Description: Cloud provider information
+-- ============================================================
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS providers (
+  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+  name TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE, -- linode, vultr, aws, etc.
+  display_name TEXT NOT NULL,
+  api_base_url TEXT,
+  last_sync_at TEXT, -- ISO 8601: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
+  sync_status TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'pending' CHECK (sync_status IN ('pending', 'syncing', 'success', 'error')),
+  sync_error TEXT,
+  created_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
+  updated_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now'))
+);
+
+-- Index for status queries
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_providers_sync_status ON providers(sync_status);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_providers_name ON providers(name);
+
+-- ============================================================
+-- Table: regions
+-- Description: Provider regions and availability zones
+-- ============================================================
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS regions (
+  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+  provider_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  region_code TEXT NOT NULL, -- e.g., us-east, ap-south
+  region_name TEXT NOT NULL, -- e.g., "US East (Newark)"
+  country_code TEXT, -- ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
+  latitude REAL,
+  longitude REAL,
+  available INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 1, -- boolean: 1=true, 0=false
+  created_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
+  updated_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
+  FOREIGN KEY (provider_id) REFERENCES providers(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+  UNIQUE(provider_id, region_code)
+);
+
+-- Indexes for foreign key and queries
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_regions_provider_id ON regions(provider_id);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_regions_available ON regions(available);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_regions_country_code ON regions(country_code);
+
+-- ============================================================
+-- Table: instance_types
+-- Description: VM instance specifications across providers
+-- ============================================================
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS instance_types (
+  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+  provider_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  instance_id TEXT NOT NULL, -- provider's instance identifier
+  instance_name TEXT NOT NULL, -- display name
+  vcpu INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  memory_mb INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  storage_gb INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  transfer_tb REAL, -- data transfer limit
+  network_speed_gbps REAL,
+  gpu_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
+  gpu_type TEXT, -- e.g., "NVIDIA A100"
+  instance_family TEXT CHECK (instance_family IN ('general', 'compute', 'memory', 'storage', 'gpu')),
+  metadata TEXT, -- JSON for additional provider-specific data
+  created_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
+  updated_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
+  FOREIGN KEY (provider_id) REFERENCES providers(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+  UNIQUE(provider_id, instance_id)
+);
+
+-- Indexes for filtering and sorting
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_instance_types_provider_id ON instance_types(provider_id);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_instance_types_vcpu ON instance_types(vcpu);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_instance_types_memory_mb ON instance_types(memory_mb);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_instance_types_instance_family ON instance_types(instance_family);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_instance_types_gpu_count ON instance_types(gpu_count);
+
+-- ============================================================
+-- Table: pricing
+-- Description: Region-specific pricing for instance types
+-- ============================================================
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS pricing (
+  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+  instance_type_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  region_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  hourly_price REAL NOT NULL,
+  monthly_price REAL NOT NULL,
+  currency TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'USD',
+  available INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 1, -- boolean: 1=true, 0=false
+  created_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
+  updated_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
+  FOREIGN KEY (instance_type_id) REFERENCES instance_types(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+  FOREIGN KEY (region_id) REFERENCES regions(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+  UNIQUE(instance_type_id, region_id)
+);
+
+-- Indexes for price queries and filtering
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_pricing_instance_type_id ON pricing(instance_type_id);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_pricing_region_id ON pricing(region_id);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_pricing_hourly_price ON pricing(hourly_price);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_pricing_monthly_price ON pricing(monthly_price);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_pricing_available ON pricing(available);
+
+-- ============================================================
+-- Table: price_history
+-- Description: Historical price tracking for trend analysis
+-- ============================================================
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS price_history (
+  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+  pricing_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  hourly_price REAL NOT NULL,
+  monthly_price REAL NOT NULL,
+  recorded_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
+  FOREIGN KEY (pricing_id) REFERENCES pricing(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+);
+
+-- Indexes for time-series queries
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_price_history_pricing_id ON price_history(pricing_id);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_price_history_recorded_at ON price_history(recorded_at);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_price_history_pricing_recorded ON price_history(pricing_id, recorded_at DESC);
+
+-- ============================================================
+-- Triggers: Auto-update updated_at timestamp
+-- ============================================================
+
+CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_providers_updated_at
+AFTER UPDATE ON providers
+FOR EACH ROW
+BEGIN
+  UPDATE providers SET updated_at = datetime('now') WHERE id = NEW.id;
+END;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_regions_updated_at
+AFTER UPDATE ON regions
+FOR EACH ROW
+BEGIN
+  UPDATE regions SET updated_at = datetime('now') WHERE id = NEW.id;
+END;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_instance_types_updated_at
+AFTER UPDATE ON instance_types
+FOR EACH ROW
+BEGIN
+  UPDATE instance_types SET updated_at = datetime('now') WHERE id = NEW.id;
+END;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS update_pricing_updated_at
+AFTER UPDATE ON pricing
+FOR EACH ROW
+BEGIN
+  UPDATE pricing SET updated_at = datetime('now') WHERE id = NEW.id;
+END;
+
+-- ============================================================
+-- Triggers: Price history tracking
+-- ============================================================
+
+-- Record price changes automatically
+CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS track_price_changes
+AFTER UPDATE OF hourly_price, monthly_price ON pricing
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN OLD.hourly_price != NEW.hourly_price OR OLD.monthly_price != NEW.monthly_price
+BEGIN
+  INSERT INTO price_history (pricing_id, hourly_price, monthly_price, recorded_at)
+  VALUES (NEW.id, NEW.hourly_price, NEW.monthly_price, datetime('now'));
+END;
+
+-- Record initial price on creation
+CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS track_initial_price
+AFTER INSERT ON pricing
+FOR EACH ROW
+BEGIN
+  INSERT INTO price_history (pricing_id, hourly_price, monthly_price, recorded_at)
+  VALUES (NEW.id, NEW.hourly_price, NEW.monthly_price, datetime('now'));
+END;

seed.sql

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+-- seed.sql - Initial provider data for cloud-instances-db
+-- Purpose: Insert default provider records for Linode, Vultr, and AWS
+
+-- Insert initial provider data
+-- Using INSERT OR IGNORE to prevent duplicates on repeated seeding
+INSERT OR IGNORE INTO providers (name, display_name, api_base_url, sync_status)
+VALUES
+  ('linode', 'Linode', 'https://api.linode.com/v4', 'pending'),
+  ('vultr', 'Vultr', 'https://api.vultr.com/v2', 'pending'),
+  ('aws', 'Amazon Web Services', 'https://ec2.shop', 'pending');
+
+-- Verify insertion
+SELECT
+  id,
+  name,
+  display_name,
+  sync_status,
+  created_at
+FROM providers;

src/connectors/README.md

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+# Vault Connector
+
+TypeScript client for HashiCorp Vault integration in Cloudflare Workers.
+
+## Features
+
+- **Secure Credential Retrieval**: Fetch provider API credentials from Vault
+- **Automatic Caching**: 1-hour TTL in-memory cache to reduce API calls
+- **Comprehensive Error Handling**: Type-safe error handling with specific error codes
+- **Timeout Protection**: 10-second request timeout with abort controller
+- **Type Safety**: Full TypeScript support with strict typing
+- **Logging**: Structured logging for debugging and monitoring
+
+## Installation
+
+The VaultClient is part of this project. Import it directly:
+
+```typescript
+import { VaultClient, VaultError } from './connectors/vault';
+```
+
+## Quick Start
+
+### Basic Usage
+
+```typescript
+import { VaultClient } from './connectors/vault';
+
+const vault = new VaultClient(
+  'https://vault.anvil.it.com',
+  'hvs.your-token-here'
+);
+
+// Retrieve credentials
+const credentials = await vault.getCredentials('linode');
+console.log(credentials.api_token);
+```
+
+### Cloudflare Workers Integration
+
+```typescript
+export default {
+  async fetch(request: Request, env: Env) {
+    const vault = new VaultClient(env.VAULT_URL, env.VAULT_TOKEN);
+
+    try {
+      const creds = await vault.getCredentials('linode');
+      // Use credentials for API calls
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error instanceof VaultError) {
+        return new Response(error.message, {
+          status: error.statusCode || 500
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+};
+```
+
+## API Reference
+
+### VaultClient
+
+#### Constructor
+
+```typescript
+new VaultClient(baseUrl: string, token: string)
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `baseUrl`: Vault server URL (e.g., `https://vault.anvil.it.com`)
+- `token`: Vault authentication token (e.g., `hvs.gvtS2U0TCnGkVXlfBP7MGddi`)
+
+#### Methods
+
+##### `getCredentials(provider: string): Promise<VaultCredentials>`
+
+Retrieve credentials for a provider from Vault.
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `provider`: Provider name (`linode`, `vultr`, `aws`)
+
+**Returns:**
+```typescript
+{
+  provider: string;
+  api_token: string;
+}
+```
+
+**Throws:**
+- `VaultError` on authentication, authorization, or network failures
+
+**Example:**
+```typescript
+const creds = await vault.getCredentials('linode');
+```
+
+##### `clearCache(provider?: string): void`
+
+Clear cached credentials.
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `provider` (optional): Specific provider to clear, or omit to clear all
+
+**Example:**
+```typescript
+// Clear specific provider
+vault.clearCache('linode');
+
+// Clear all cache
+vault.clearCache();
+```
+
+##### `getCacheStats(): { size: number; providers: string[] }`
+
+Get current cache statistics.
+
+**Returns:**
+```typescript
+{
+  size: number;        // Number of cached providers
+  providers: string[]; // List of cached provider names
+}
+```
+
+**Example:**
+```typescript
+const stats = vault.getCacheStats();
+console.log(`Cached: ${stats.size} providers`);
+```
+
+### VaultError
+
+Custom error class for Vault operations.
+
+**Properties:**
+```typescript
+{
+  name: 'VaultError';
+  message: string;
+  statusCode?: number;  // HTTP status code
+  provider?: string;    // Provider name that caused error
+}
+```
+
+## Error Handling
+
+### HTTP Status Codes
+
+| Code | Meaning | Action |
+|------|---------|--------|
+| 401 | Invalid/expired token | Check authentication token |
+| 403 | Insufficient permissions | Verify token has access to provider path |
+| 404 | Provider not found | Check provider name spelling |
+| 500-503 | Server error | Retry request after delay |
+| 504 | Timeout | Check network connectivity |
+
+### Error Handling Pattern
+
+```typescript
+try {
+  const creds = await vault.getCredentials('linode');
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error instanceof VaultError) {
+    switch (error.statusCode) {
+      case 401:
+        console.error('Auth failed:', error.message);
+        break;
+      case 403:
+        console.error('Permission denied:', error.message);
+        break;
+      case 404:
+        console.error('Provider not found:', error.provider);
+        break;
+      default:
+        console.error('Vault error:', error.message);
+    }
+  } else {
+    console.error('Unexpected error:', error);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Caching
+
+### Cache Behavior
+
+- **TTL**: 1 hour (3600 seconds)
+- **Storage**: In-memory (Map)
+- **Automatic**: Transparent caching on first request
+- **Cache Hit**: Subsequent requests within TTL use cached data
+- **Cache Miss**: Expired or cleared entries fetch from Vault
+
+### Cache Example
+
+```typescript
+const vault = new VaultClient(url, token);
+
+// First call - fetches from Vault
+const creds1 = await vault.getCredentials('linode');
+console.log('[VaultClient] Cache miss, fetching from Vault');
+
+// Second call - uses cache (no API call)
+const creds2 = await vault.getCredentials('linode');
+console.log('[VaultClient] Cache hit');
+
+// Check cache
+const stats = vault.getCacheStats();
+console.log(`Cached: ${stats.providers.join(', ')}`);
+
+// Manual cache clear
+vault.clearCache('linode');
+```
+
+## Configuration
+
+### Environment Variables
+
+Store Vault configuration in environment variables for security:
+
+```toml
+# wrangler.toml
+[vars]
+VAULT_URL = "https://vault.anvil.it.com"
+
+[[env.production.vars]]
+VAULT_TOKEN = "hvs.production-token"
+
+[[env.development.vars]]
+VAULT_TOKEN = "hvs.development-token"
+```
+
+### Usage with Environment Variables
+
+```typescript
+export default {
+  async fetch(request: Request, env: Env) {
+    const vault = new VaultClient(env.VAULT_URL, env.VAULT_TOKEN);
+    // ...
+  }
+};
+```
+
+## Vault Server Configuration
+
+### Secret Path Structure
+
+Credentials are stored at:
+```
+secret/data/{provider}
+```
+
+Example paths:
+- `secret/data/linode`
+- `secret/data/vultr`
+- `secret/data/aws`
+
+### Expected Secret Format
+
+```json
+{
+  "data": {
+    "data": {
+      "provider": "linode",
+      "api_token": "your-api-token-here"
+    },
+    "metadata": {
+      "created_time": "2024-01-21T10:00:00Z",
+      "version": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Required Vault Permissions
+
+Your token must have read access to the secret paths:
+
+```hcl
+path "secret/data/linode" {
+  capabilities = ["read"]
+}
+
+path "secret/data/vultr" {
+  capabilities = ["read"]
+}
+
+path "secret/data/aws" {
+  capabilities = ["read"]
+}
+```
+
+## Performance
+
+### Request Timeout
+
+- Default: 10 seconds
+- Implemented via `AbortController`
+- Throws `VaultError` with status code 504 on timeout
+
+### Cache Performance
+
+- **Cache Hit**: <1ms (memory lookup)
+- **Cache Miss**: ~100-500ms (network request + parsing)
+- **Memory Usage**: ~1KB per cached provider
+
+### Optimization Tips
+
+1. **Parallel Requests**: Fetch multiple providers in parallel
+   ```typescript
+   const [linode, vultr] = await Promise.all([
+     vault.getCredentials('linode'),
+     vault.getCredentials('vultr'),
+   ]);
+   ```
+
+2. **Warm Cache**: Preload frequently used providers
+   ```typescript
+   // Warm cache at worker startup
+   await Promise.all([
+     vault.getCredentials('linode'),
+     vault.getCredentials('vultr'),
+   ]);
+   ```
+
+3. **Monitor Cache**: Track cache hit rate
+   ```typescript
+   const stats = vault.getCacheStats();
+   console.log(`Cache efficiency: ${stats.size} providers cached`);
+   ```
+
+## Testing
+
+Comprehensive test suite included:
+
+```bash
+npm test vault.test.ts
+```
+
+**Test Coverage:**
+- ✅ Constructor initialization
+- ✅ Successful credential retrieval
+- ✅ Caching behavior
+- ✅ HTTP error handling (401, 403, 404, 500)
+- ✅ Timeout handling
+- ✅ Invalid response structure
+- ✅ Missing required fields
+- ✅ Network errors
+- ✅ Cache management
+- ✅ VaultError creation
+
+## Logging
+
+Structured logging for debugging:
+
+```
+[VaultClient] Initialized { baseUrl: 'https://vault.anvil.it.com' }
+[VaultClient] Retrieving credentials { provider: 'linode' }
+[VaultClient] Cache miss, fetching from Vault { provider: 'linode' }
+[VaultClient] Credentials cached { provider: 'linode', expiresIn: '3600s' }
+[VaultClient] Credentials retrieved successfully { provider: 'linode' }
+```
+
+Error logging:
+
+```
+[VaultClient] HTTP error { provider: 'linode', statusCode: 401, errorMessage: 'permission denied' }
+[VaultClient] Unexpected error { provider: 'linode', error: Error(...) }
+```
+
+## Examples
+
+See [vault.example.ts](/Users/kaffa/cloud-server/src/connectors/vault.example.ts) for comprehensive usage examples:
+
+- Basic usage
+- Environment variables
+- Caching demonstration
+- Cache management
+- Error handling patterns
+- Cloudflare Workers integration
+- Parallel provider fetching
+- Retry logic
+
+## Security Best Practices
+
+1. **Never commit tokens**: Use environment variables
+2. **Rotate tokens regularly**: Update tokens periodically
+3. **Use least privilege**: Grant only required Vault permissions
+4. **Monitor access**: Track Vault access logs
+5. **Secure transmission**: Always use HTTPS
+6. **Cache clearing**: Clear cache on token rotation
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Common Issues
+
+#### Authentication Failed (401)
+
+**Problem**: Invalid or expired Vault token
+
+**Solution**:
+```typescript
+// Verify token format
+console.log('Token:', env.VAULT_TOKEN);
+// Should start with 'hvs.'
+```
+
+#### Permission Denied (403)
+
+**Problem**: Token lacks read access to provider path
+
+**Solution**: Update Vault policy to grant read access
+
+#### Provider Not Found (404)
+
+**Problem**: Provider doesn't exist in Vault
+
+**Solution**: Verify provider name and path in Vault
+
+#### Request Timeout (504)
+
+**Problem**: Network connectivity or slow Vault response
+
+**Solution**:
+- Check network connectivity
+- Verify Vault server is responsive
+- Consider increasing timeout (requires code modification)
+
+#### Invalid Response Structure
+
+**Problem**: Vault response format doesn't match expected structure
+
+**Solution**: Verify Vault secret format matches documentation
+
+## License
+
+Internal use only - Part of Cloud Instances API project.

src/connectors/aws.ts

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+import type { RegionInput, InstanceTypeInput, InstanceFamily } from '../types';
+import { VaultClient, VaultError } from './vault';
+import { RateLimiter } from './base';
+
+/**
+ * AWS connector error class
+ */
+export class AWSError extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    message: string,
+    public statusCode?: number,
+    public details?: unknown
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'AWSError';
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * AWS region data structure
+ */
+interface AWSRegion {
+  code: string;
+  name: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * AWS instance type data from ec2.shop API
+ */
+interface AWSInstanceType {
+  instance_type: string;
+  memory: number; // GiB
+  vcpus: number;
+  storage: string;
+  network: string;
+  price?: number;
+  region?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * AWS EC2 Connector
+ *
+ * Features:
+ * - Uses public ec2.shop API for instance type data
+ * - No authentication required for basic data
+ * - Rate limiting: 20 requests/second
+ * - Hardcoded region list (relatively static)
+ * - Comprehensive error handling
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const vault = new VaultClient(vaultUrl, vaultToken);
+ * const connector = new AWSConnector(vault);
+ * await connector.initialize();
+ * const regions = await connector.fetchRegions();
+ */
+export class AWSConnector {
+  readonly provider = 'aws';
+  private readonly instanceDataUrl = 'https://ec2.shop/instances.json';
+  private readonly rateLimiter: RateLimiter;
+  private readonly requestTimeout = 15000; // 15 seconds
+
+  /**
+   * AWS regions list (relatively static data)
+   * Based on AWS public region information
+   */
+  private readonly awsRegions: AWSRegion[] = [
+    { code: 'us-east-1', name: 'US East (N. Virginia)' },
+    { code: 'us-east-2', name: 'US East (Ohio)' },
+    { code: 'us-west-1', name: 'US West (N. California)' },
+    { code: 'us-west-2', name: 'US West (Oregon)' },
+    { code: 'eu-west-1', name: 'EU (Ireland)' },
+    { code: 'eu-west-2', name: 'EU (London)' },
+    { code: 'eu-west-3', name: 'EU (Paris)' },
+    { code: 'eu-central-1', name: 'EU (Frankfurt)' },
+    { code: 'eu-central-2', name: 'EU (Zurich)' },
+    { code: 'eu-north-1', name: 'EU (Stockholm)' },
+    { code: 'eu-south-1', name: 'EU (Milan)' },
+    { code: 'eu-south-2', name: 'EU (Spain)' },
+    { code: 'ap-northeast-1', name: 'Asia Pacific (Tokyo)' },
+    { code: 'ap-northeast-2', name: 'Asia Pacific (Seoul)' },
+    { code: 'ap-northeast-3', name: 'Asia Pacific (Osaka)' },
+    { code: 'ap-southeast-1', name: 'Asia Pacific (Singapore)' },
+    { code: 'ap-southeast-2', name: 'Asia Pacific (Sydney)' },
+    { code: 'ap-southeast-3', name: 'Asia Pacific (Jakarta)' },
+    { code: 'ap-southeast-4', name: 'Asia Pacific (Melbourne)' },
+    { code: 'ap-south-1', name: 'Asia Pacific (Mumbai)' },
+    { code: 'ap-south-2', name: 'Asia Pacific (Hyderabad)' },
+    { code: 'ap-east-1', name: 'Asia Pacific (Hong Kong)' },
+    { code: 'ca-central-1', name: 'Canada (Central)' },
+    { code: 'ca-west-1', name: 'Canada (Calgary)' },
+    { code: 'sa-east-1', name: 'South America (São Paulo)' },
+    { code: 'af-south-1', name: 'Africa (Cape Town)' },
+    { code: 'me-south-1', name: 'Middle East (Bahrain)' },
+    { code: 'me-central-1', name: 'Middle East (UAE)' },
+    { code: 'il-central-1', name: 'Israel (Tel Aviv)' },
+  ];
+
+  constructor(private vaultClient: VaultClient) {
+    // Rate limit: 20 requests/second per region
+    // Use 10 tokens with 10/second refill to be conservative
+    this.rateLimiter = new RateLimiter(20, 10);
+    console.log('[AWSConnector] Initialized');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize connector by fetching credentials from Vault
+   * Note: Currently not required for public API access,
+   * but included for future AWS API integration
+   */
+  async initialize(): Promise<void> {
+    console.log('[AWSConnector] Fetching credentials from Vault');
+
+    try {
+      const credentials = await this.vaultClient.getCredentials(this.provider);
+
+      // AWS uses different credential keys
+      const awsCreds = credentials as unknown as {
+        aws_access_key_id?: string;
+        aws_secret_access_key?: string;
+      };
+
+      // Credentials loaded for future AWS API direct access
+      console.log('[AWSConnector] Credentials loaded successfully', {
+        hasAccessKey: !!awsCreds.aws_access_key_id,
+        hasSecretKey: !!awsCreds.aws_secret_access_key,
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error instanceof VaultError) {
+        console.warn('[AWSConnector] Vault credentials not available, using public API only');
+        // Not critical for public API access
+      } else {
+        throw error;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fetch all regions
+   * Returns hardcoded region list as AWS regions are relatively static
+   *
+   * @returns Array of AWS regions
+   */
+  async fetchRegions(): Promise<AWSRegion[]> {
+    console.log('[AWSConnector] Fetching regions', { count: this.awsRegions.length });
+    return this.awsRegions;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fetch all instance types from ec2.shop API
+   *
+   * @returns Array of AWS instance types
+   * @throws AWSError on API failures
+   */
+  async fetchInstanceTypes(): Promise<AWSInstanceType[]> {
+    console.log('[AWSConnector] Fetching instance types from ec2.shop');
+
+    await this.rateLimiter.waitForToken();
+
+    try {
+      const controller = new AbortController();
+      const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), this.requestTimeout);
+
+      const response = await fetch(this.instanceDataUrl, {
+        method: 'GET',
+        headers: {
+          'Accept': 'application/json',
+        },
+        signal: controller.signal,
+      });
+
+      clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        throw new AWSError(
+          `Failed to fetch instance types: ${response.statusText}`,
+          response.status
+        );
+      }
+
+      const data = await response.json() as AWSInstanceType[];
+
+      console.log('[AWSConnector] Instance types fetched', { count: data.length });
+      return data;
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Handle timeout
+      if (error instanceof Error && error.name === 'AbortError') {
+        console.error('[AWSConnector] Request timeout', { timeout: this.requestTimeout });
+        throw new AWSError(
+          `Request to ec2.shop API timed out after ${this.requestTimeout}ms`,
+          504
+        );
+      }
+
+      // Re-throw AWSError
+      if (error instanceof AWSError) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+
+      // Handle unexpected errors
+      console.error('[AWSConnector] Unexpected error', { error });
+      throw new AWSError(
+        `Failed to fetch instance types: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+        500,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalize AWS region data for database storage
+   *
+   * @param raw - Raw AWS region data
+   * @param providerId - Database provider ID
+   * @returns Normalized region data ready for insertion
+   */
+  normalizeRegion(raw: AWSRegion, providerId: number): RegionInput {
+    return {
+      provider_id: providerId,
+      region_code: raw.code,
+      region_name: raw.name,
+      country_code: this.extractCountryCode(raw.code),
+      latitude: null, // AWS doesn't provide coordinates in basic data
+      longitude: null,
+      available: 1, // All listed regions are available
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalize AWS instance type data for database storage
+   *
+   * @param raw - Raw AWS instance type data
+   * @param providerId - Database provider ID
+   * @returns Normalized instance type data ready for insertion
+   */
+  normalizeInstance(raw: AWSInstanceType, providerId: number): InstanceTypeInput {
+    // Convert memory from GiB to MB
+    const memoryMb = Math.round(raw.memory * 1024);
+
+    // Parse storage information
+    const storageGb = this.parseStorage(raw.storage);
+
+    // Parse GPU information from instance type name
+    const { gpuCount, gpuType } = this.parseGpuInfo(raw.instance_type);
+
+    return {
+      provider_id: providerId,
+      instance_id: raw.instance_type,
+      instance_name: raw.instance_type,
+      vcpu: raw.vcpus,
+      memory_mb: memoryMb,
+      storage_gb: storageGb,
+      transfer_tb: null, // ec2.shop doesn't provide transfer limits
+      network_speed_gbps: this.parseNetworkSpeed(raw.network),
+      gpu_count: gpuCount,
+      gpu_type: gpuType,
+      instance_family: this.mapInstanceFamily(raw.instance_type),
+      metadata: JSON.stringify({
+        storage_type: raw.storage,
+        network: raw.network,
+        price: raw.price,
+        region: raw.region,
+      }),
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Extract country code from AWS region code
+   *
+   * @param regionCode - AWS region code (e.g., 'us-east-1')
+   * @returns Lowercase ISO alpha-2 country code or null
+   */
+  private extractCountryCode(regionCode: string): string | null {
+    const countryMap: Record<string, string> = {
+      'us': 'us',
+      'eu': 'eu',
+      'ap': 'ap',
+      'ca': 'ca',
+      'sa': 'br',
+      'af': 'za',
+      'me': 'ae',
+      'il': 'il',
+    };
+
+    const prefix = regionCode.split('-')[0];
+    return countryMap[prefix] || null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse storage information from AWS storage string
+   *
+   * @param storage - AWS storage string (e.g., "EBS only", "1 x 900 NVMe SSD")
+   * @returns Storage size in GB or 0 if EBS only
+   */
+  private parseStorage(storage: string): number {
+    if (!storage || storage.toLowerCase().includes('ebs only')) {
+      return 0; // EBS only instances have no instance storage
+    }
+
+    // Parse format like "1 x 900 NVMe SSD" or "2 x 1900 NVMe SSD"
+    const match = storage.match(/(\d+)\s*x\s*(\d+)/);
+    if (match) {
+      const count = parseInt(match[1], 10);
+      const sizePerDisk = parseInt(match[2], 10);
+      return count * sizePerDisk;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse network speed from AWS network string
+   *
+   * @param network - AWS network string (e.g., "Up to 5 Gigabit", "25 Gigabit")
+   * @returns Network speed in Gbps or null
+   */
+  private parseNetworkSpeed(network: string): number | null {
+    if (!network) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const match = network.match(/(\d+)\s*Gigabit/i);
+    if (match) {
+      return parseInt(match[1], 10);
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse GPU information from instance type name
+   *
+   * @param instanceType - AWS instance type name
+   * @returns GPU count and type
+   */
+  private parseGpuInfo(instanceType: string): { gpuCount: number; gpuType: string | null } {
+    const typeLower = instanceType.toLowerCase();
+
+    // GPU instance families
+    if (typeLower.startsWith('p2.')) {
+      return { gpuCount: this.getGpuCount(instanceType, 'p2'), gpuType: 'NVIDIA K80' };
+    }
+    if (typeLower.startsWith('p3.')) {
+      return { gpuCount: this.getGpuCount(instanceType, 'p3'), gpuType: 'NVIDIA V100' };
+    }
+    if (typeLower.startsWith('p4.')) {
+      return { gpuCount: this.getGpuCount(instanceType, 'p4'), gpuType: 'NVIDIA A100' };
+    }
+    if (typeLower.startsWith('p5.')) {
+      return { gpuCount: this.getGpuCount(instanceType, 'p5'), gpuType: 'NVIDIA H100' };
+    }
+    if (typeLower.startsWith('g3.')) {
+      return { gpuCount: this.getGpuCount(instanceType, 'g3'), gpuType: 'NVIDIA M60' };
+    }
+    if (typeLower.startsWith('g4.')) {
+      return { gpuCount: this.getGpuCount(instanceType, 'g4'), gpuType: 'NVIDIA T4' };
+    }
+    if (typeLower.startsWith('g5.')) {
+      return { gpuCount: this.getGpuCount(instanceType, 'g5'), gpuType: 'NVIDIA A10G' };
+    }
+    if (typeLower.startsWith('inf')) {
+      return { gpuCount: this.getInferentiaCount(instanceType), gpuType: 'AWS Inferentia' };
+    }
+    if (typeLower.startsWith('trn')) {
+      return { gpuCount: this.getTrainiumCount(instanceType), gpuType: 'AWS Trainium' };
+    }
+
+    return { gpuCount: 0, gpuType: null };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get GPU count based on instance size
+   *
+   * @param instanceType - Full instance type name
+   * @param family - Instance family prefix
+   * @returns Number of GPUs
+   */
+  private getGpuCount(instanceType: string, _family: string): number {
+    const size = instanceType.split('.')[1];
+
+    // Common GPU counts by size
+    const gpuMap: Record<string, number> = {
+      'xlarge': 1,
+      '2xlarge': 1,
+      '4xlarge': 2,
+      '8xlarge': 4,
+      '16xlarge': 8,
+      '24xlarge': 8,
+      '48xlarge': 8,
+    };
+
+    return gpuMap[size] || 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get Inferentia accelerator count
+   *
+   * @param instanceType - Full instance type name
+   * @returns Number of Inferentia chips
+   */
+  private getInferentiaCount(instanceType: string): number {
+    const size = instanceType.split('.')[1];
+
+    const infMap: Record<string, number> = {
+      'xlarge': 1,
+      '2xlarge': 1,
+      '6xlarge': 4,
+      '24xlarge': 16,
+    };
+
+    return infMap[size] || 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get Trainium accelerator count
+   *
+   * @param instanceType - Full instance type name
+   * @returns Number of Trainium chips
+   */
+  private getTrainiumCount(instanceType: string): number {
+    const size = instanceType.split('.')[1];
+
+    const trnMap: Record<string, number> = {
+      '2xlarge': 1,
+      '32xlarge': 16,
+    };
+
+    return trnMap[size] || 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Map AWS instance type to standard instance family
+   *
+   * @param instanceType - AWS instance type name
+   * @returns Standard instance family type
+   */
+  private mapInstanceFamily(instanceType: string): InstanceFamily {
+    const family = instanceType.split('.')[0].toLowerCase();
+
+    // General purpose
+    if (family.match(/^[tm]\d+[a-z]?$/)) {
+      return 'general';
+    }
+    if (family.match(/^a\d+$/)) {
+      return 'general';
+    }
+
+    // Compute optimized
+    if (family.match(/^c\d+[a-z]?$/)) {
+      return 'compute';
+    }
+
+    // Memory optimized
+    if (family.match(/^[rx]\d+[a-z]?$/)) {
+      return 'memory';
+    }
+    if (family.match(/^u-\d+/)) {
+      return 'memory';
+    }
+    if (family.match(/^z\d+[a-z]?$/)) {
+      return 'memory';
+    }
+
+    // Storage optimized
+    if (family.match(/^[dhi]\d+[a-z]?$/)) {
+      return 'storage';
+    }
+
+    // GPU/accelerated computing
+    if (family.match(/^[pg]\d+[a-z]?$/)) {
+      return 'gpu';
+    }
+    if (family.match(/^(inf|trn|dl)\d*/)) {
+      return 'gpu';
+    }
+
+    // Default to general for unknown types
+    console.warn('[AWSConnector] Unknown instance family, defaulting to general', { type: instanceType });
+    return 'general';
+  }
+}

src/connectors/base.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+import type { VaultClient } from './vault';
+import type { VaultCredentials, RegionInput, InstanceTypeInput } from '../types';
+
+/**
+ * Raw region data from provider API (before normalization)
+ * Structure varies by provider
+ */
+export interface RawRegion {
+  [key: string]: unknown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Raw instance type data from provider API (before normalization)
+ * Structure varies by provider
+ */
+export interface RawInstanceType {
+  [key: string]: unknown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Custom error class for connector operations
+ *
+ * @example
+ * throw new ConnectorError('linode', 'fetchRegions', 500, 'API rate limit exceeded');
+ */
+export class ConnectorError extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    public provider: string,
+    public operation: string,
+    public statusCode: number | undefined,
+    message: string
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'ConnectorError';
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * RateLimiter - Token Bucket algorithm implementation
+ *
+ * Controls API request rate to prevent hitting provider rate limits.
+ * Tokens are consumed for each request and refilled at a fixed rate.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const limiter = new RateLimiter(10, 2); // 10 tokens, refill 2 per second
+ * await limiter.waitForToken(); // Wait until token is available
+ * // Make API call
+ */
+export class RateLimiter {
+  private tokens: number;
+  private lastRefillTime: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new rate limiter
+   *
+   * @param maxTokens - Maximum number of tokens in the bucket
+   * @param refillRate - Number of tokens to refill per second
+   */
+  constructor(
+    private readonly maxTokens: number,
+    private readonly refillRate: number
+  ) {
+    this.tokens = maxTokens;
+    this.lastRefillTime = Date.now();
+
+    console.log('[RateLimiter] Initialized', { maxTokens, refillRate });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wait until a token is available, then consume it
+   * Automatically refills tokens based on elapsed time
+   *
+   * @returns Promise that resolves when a token is available
+   */
+  async waitForToken(): Promise<void> {
+    this.refillTokens();
+
+    // If no tokens available, wait until next refill
+    while (this.tokens < 1) {
+      const timeUntilNextToken = (1 / this.refillRate) * 1000; // ms per token
+      await this.sleep(timeUntilNextToken);
+      this.refillTokens();
+    }
+
+    // Consume one token
+    this.tokens -= 1;
+    console.log('[RateLimiter] Token consumed', { remaining: this.tokens });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current number of available tokens
+   *
+   * @returns Number of available tokens (may include fractional tokens)
+   */
+  getAvailableTokens(): number {
+    this.refillTokens();
+    return this.tokens;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Refill tokens based on elapsed time
+   * Tokens are added proportionally to the time elapsed since last refill
+   */
+  private refillTokens(): void {
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const elapsedSeconds = (now - this.lastRefillTime) / 1000;
+    const tokensToAdd = elapsedSeconds * this.refillRate;
+
+    // Add tokens, capped at maxTokens
+    this.tokens = Math.min(this.maxTokens, this.tokens + tokensToAdd);
+    this.lastRefillTime = now;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sleep for specified milliseconds
+   *
+   * @param ms - Milliseconds to sleep
+   */
+  private sleep(ms: number): Promise<void> {
+    return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * CloudConnector - Abstract base class for cloud provider connectors
+ *
+ * Implements common authentication, rate limiting, and data fetching patterns.
+ * Each provider (Linode, Vultr, etc.) extends this class and implements
+ * provider-specific API calls and data normalization.
+ *
+ * @abstract
+ *
+ * @example
+ * class LinodeConnector extends CloudConnector {
+ *   provider = 'linode';
+ *
+ *   async fetchRegions() {
+ *     await this.rateLimiter.waitForToken();
+ *     // Fetch regions from Linode API
+ *   }
+ *
+ *   normalizeRegion(raw: RawRegion): RegionInput {
+ *     // Transform Linode region data to standard format
+ *   }
+ * }
+ */
+export abstract class CloudConnector {
+  /**
+   * Provider identifier (e.g., 'linode', 'vultr', 'aws')
+   * Must be implemented by subclass
+   */
+  abstract provider: string;
+
+  /**
+   * Cached credentials from Vault
+   * Populated after calling authenticate()
+   */
+  protected credentials: VaultCredentials | null = null;
+
+  /**
+   * Rate limiter for API requests
+   * Configured with provider-specific limits
+   */
+  protected rateLimiter: RateLimiter;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new cloud connector
+   *
+   * @param vault - VaultClient instance for credential management
+   */
+  constructor(protected vault: VaultClient) {
+    // Default rate limiter: 10 requests, refill 2 per second
+    this.rateLimiter = new RateLimiter(10, 2);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Authenticate with provider using Vault credentials
+   * Fetches and caches credentials for API calls
+   *
+   * @throws ConnectorError if authentication fails
+   */
+  async authenticate(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      console.log('[CloudConnector] Authenticating', { provider: this.provider });
+
+      this.credentials = await this.vault.getCredentials(this.provider);
+
+      if (!this.credentials || !this.credentials.api_token) {
+        throw new ConnectorError(
+          this.provider,
+          'authenticate',
+          undefined,
+          'Invalid credentials received from Vault'
+        );
+      }
+
+      console.log('[CloudConnector] Authentication successful', { provider: this.provider });
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[CloudConnector] Authentication failed', { provider: this.provider, error });
+
+      throw new ConnectorError(
+        this.provider,
+        'authenticate',
+        undefined,
+        `Authentication failed: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fetch raw region data from provider API
+   * Must be implemented by subclass
+   *
+   * @returns Array of raw region objects from provider API
+   * @throws ConnectorError on API failure
+   */
+  abstract fetchRegions(): Promise<RawRegion[]>;
+
+  /**
+   * Fetch raw instance type data from provider API
+   * Must be implemented by subclass
+   *
+   * @returns Array of raw instance type objects from provider API
+   * @throws ConnectorError on API failure
+   */
+  abstract fetchInstanceTypes(): Promise<RawInstanceType[]>;
+
+  /**
+   * Normalize raw region data to standard format
+   * Transforms provider-specific region structure to RegionInput
+   * Must be implemented by subclass
+   *
+   * @param raw - Raw region data from provider API
+   * @returns Normalized region data ready for database insertion
+   */
+  abstract normalizeRegion(raw: RawRegion): RegionInput;
+
+  /**
+   * Normalize raw instance type data to standard format
+   * Transforms provider-specific instance structure to InstanceTypeInput
+   * Must be implemented by subclass
+   *
+   * @param raw - Raw instance type data from provider API
+   * @returns Normalized instance type data ready for database insertion
+   */
+  abstract normalizeInstance(raw: RawInstanceType): InstanceTypeInput;
+}

src/connectors/linode.README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+# Linode Connector
+
+TypeScript client for Linode API integration in Cloudflare Workers.
+
+## Features
+
+- **Complete API Coverage**: Fetch regions and instance types
+- **Rate Limiting**: Automatic compliance with Linode's 1600 requests/hour limit
+- **Data Normalization**: Transform Linode data to standardized database format
+- **Comprehensive Error Handling**: Type-safe error handling with specific codes
+- **Vault Integration**: Secure credential management via VaultClient
+- **Timeout Protection**: 10-second request timeout with abort controller
+- **Type Safety**: Full TypeScript support with strict typing
+- **Logging**: Structured logging for debugging and monitoring
+
+## Installation
+
+The LinodeConnector is part of this project. Import it directly:
+
+```typescript
+import { LinodeConnector, LinodeError } from './connectors/linode';
+import { VaultClient } from './connectors/vault';
+```
+
+## Quick Start
+
+### Basic Usage
+
+```typescript
+import { VaultClient } from './connectors/vault';
+import { LinodeConnector } from './connectors/linode';
+
+const vault = new VaultClient(
+  'https://vault.anvil.it.com',
+  'hvs.your-token-here'
+);
+
+const connector = new LinodeConnector(vault);
+
+// Initialize (fetches credentials from Vault)
+await connector.initialize();
+
+// Fetch regions
+const regions = await connector.fetchRegions();
+
+// Fetch instance types
+const instances = await connector.fetchInstanceTypes();
+```
+
+### Data Normalization
+
+```typescript
+const providerId = 1; // Database provider ID
+
+// Normalize regions for database storage
+const normalizedRegions = regions.map(region =>
+  connector.normalizeRegion(region, providerId)
+);
+
+// Normalize instance types for database storage
+const normalizedInstances = instances.map(instance =>
+  connector.normalizeInstance(instance, providerId)
+);
+```
+
+## API Reference
+
+### LinodeConnector
+
+#### Constructor
+
+```typescript
+new LinodeConnector(vaultClient: VaultClient)
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `vaultClient`: Initialized VaultClient instance for credential retrieval
+
+#### Properties
+
+```typescript
+readonly provider = 'linode';
+```
+
+#### Methods
+
+##### `initialize(): Promise<void>`
+
+Initialize connector by fetching credentials from Vault. **Must be called before making API requests.**
+
+**Throws:**
+- `LinodeError` on Vault or credential loading failures
+
+**Example:**
+```typescript
+await connector.initialize();
+```
+
+##### `fetchRegions(): Promise<LinodeRegion[]>`
+
+Fetch all regions from Linode API.
+
+**Returns:**
+- Array of raw Linode region data
+
+**Throws:**
+- `LinodeError` on API failures
+
+**Example:**
+```typescript
+const regions = await connector.fetchRegions();
+console.log(`Fetched ${regions.length} regions`);
+```
+
+##### `fetchInstanceTypes(): Promise<LinodeInstanceType[]>`
+
+Fetch all instance types from Linode API.
+
+**Returns:**
+- Array of raw Linode instance type data
+
+**Throws:**
+- `LinodeError` on API failures
+
+**Example:**
+```typescript
+const instances = await connector.fetchInstanceTypes();
+console.log(`Fetched ${instances.length} instance types`);
+```
+
+##### `normalizeRegion(raw: LinodeRegion, providerId: number): RegionInput`
+
+Normalize Linode region data for database storage.
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `raw`: Raw Linode region data
+- `providerId`: Database provider ID
+
+**Returns:**
+- Normalized region data ready for insertion
+
+**Example:**
+```typescript
+const normalized = connector.normalizeRegion(rawRegion, 1);
+```
+
+**Normalization Details:**
+- `region_code`: Linode region ID (e.g., "us-east")
+- `region_name`: Human-readable name (e.g., "Newark, NJ")
+- `country_code`: ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 lowercase
+- `latitude/longitude`: Not provided by Linode (set to null)
+- `available`: 1 if status is "ok", 0 otherwise
+
+##### `normalizeInstance(raw: LinodeInstanceType, providerId: number): InstanceTypeInput`
+
+Normalize Linode instance type data for database storage.
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `raw`: Raw Linode instance type data
+- `providerId`: Database provider ID
+
+**Returns:**
+- Normalized instance type data ready for insertion
+
+**Example:**
+```typescript
+const normalized = connector.normalizeInstance(rawInstance, 1);
+```
+
+**Normalization Details:**
+- `memory_mb`: Already in MB (no conversion)
+- `storage_gb`: Converted from MB to GB (divide by 1024)
+- `transfer_tb`: Converted from GB to TB (divide by 1000)
+- `network_speed_gbps`: Converted from Mbps to Gbps (divide by 1000)
+- `gpu_type`: Set to "nvidia" if GPUs > 0
+- `instance_family`: Mapped from Linode class (see mapping below)
+
+### LinodeError
+
+Custom error class for Linode operations.
+
+**Properties:**
+```typescript
+{
+  name: 'LinodeError';
+  message: string;
+  statusCode?: number;  // HTTP status code
+  details?: unknown;    // Additional error details from API
+}
+```
+
+## Instance Family Mapping
+
+Linode instance classes are mapped to standardized families:
+
+| Linode Class | Instance Family | Description |
+|--------------|----------------|-------------|
+| `nanode` | `general` | Entry-level shared instances |
+| `standard` | `general` | Standard shared instances |
+| `highmem` | `memory` | High-memory optimized instances |
+| `dedicated` | `compute` | Dedicated CPU instances |
+| `gpu` | `gpu` | GPU-accelerated instances |
+| Unknown | `general` | Default fallback |
+
+## Rate Limiting
+
+### Linode API Limits
+
+- **Rate Limit**: 1600 requests per hour
+- **Requests Per Second**: ~0.44 (calculated from hourly limit)
+- **Implementation**: Conservative 0.4 requests/second
+
+### How It Works
+
+The connector automatically throttles requests to comply with Linode's rate limits:
+
+```typescript
+// These requests are automatically rate-limited
+await connector.fetchRegions();    // Request 1 at 0ms
+await connector.fetchInstanceTypes(); // Request 2 at 2500ms
+await connector.fetchRegions();    // Request 3 at 5000ms
+```
+
+**Benefits:**
+- No manual rate limiting required
+- Prevents 429 "Too Many Requests" errors
+- Ensures API access remains available
+- Transparent to the caller
+
+## Error Handling
+
+### HTTP Status Codes
+
+| Code | Meaning | Action |
+|------|---------|--------|
+| 401 | Invalid/expired token | Check API token in Vault |
+| 403 | Insufficient permissions | Verify token scope |
+| 429 | Rate limit exceeded | Wait and retry (should not occur with rate limiter) |
+| 500-599 | Server error | Retry request after delay |
+| 504 | Timeout | Check network connectivity |
+
+### Error Handling Pattern
+
+```typescript
+try {
+  await connector.initialize();
+  const regions = await connector.fetchRegions();
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error instanceof LinodeError) {
+    switch (error.statusCode) {
+      case 401:
+        console.error('Auth failed:', error.message);
+        // Check Vault credentials
+        break;
+      case 403:
+        console.error('Permission denied:', error.message);
+        // Verify token permissions
+        break;
+      case 429:
+        console.error('Rate limit exceeded:', error.message);
+        // Should not occur with rate limiter, but handle gracefully
+        break;
+      case 504:
+        console.error('Timeout:', error.message);
+        // Check network or retry
+        break;
+      default:
+        console.error('Linode error:', error.message);
+        console.error('Details:', error.details);
+    }
+  } else {
+    console.error('Unexpected error:', error);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Cloudflare Workers Integration
+
+### Complete Example
+
+```typescript
+import { VaultClient } from './connectors/vault';
+import { LinodeConnector, LinodeError } from './connectors/linode';
+import type { Env } from './types';
+
+export default {
+  async fetch(request: Request, env: Env) {
+    const vault = new VaultClient(env.VAULT_URL, env.VAULT_TOKEN);
+    const connector = new LinodeConnector(vault);
+
+    try {
+      // Initialize
+      await connector.initialize();
+
+      // Fetch data in parallel
+      const [regions, instances] = await Promise.all([
+        connector.fetchRegions(),
+        connector.fetchInstanceTypes(),
+      ]);
+
+      // Normalize data
+      const providerId = 1;
+      const normalizedData = {
+        regions: regions.map(r => connector.normalizeRegion(r, providerId)),
+        instances: instances.map(i => connector.normalizeInstance(i, providerId)),
+      };
+
+      return new Response(JSON.stringify({
+        success: true,
+        data: normalizedData,
+      }), {
+        status: 200,
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      });
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error instanceof LinodeError) {
+        return new Response(JSON.stringify({
+          success: false,
+          error: error.message,
+        }), {
+          status: error.statusCode || 500,
+          headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        });
+      }
+
+      return new Response('Internal server error', { status: 500 });
+    }
+  }
+};
+```
+
+## Vault Configuration
+
+### Secret Path
+
+Linode credentials are stored at:
+```
+secret/data/linode
+```
+
+### Expected Secret Format
+
+```json
+{
+  "data": {
+    "data": {
+      "provider": "linode",
+      "api_token": "your-linode-api-token-here"
+    },
+    "metadata": {
+      "created_time": "2024-01-21T10:00:00Z",
+      "version": 1
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Required Vault Permissions
+
+```hcl
+path "secret/data/linode" {
+  capabilities = ["read"]
+}
+```
+
+## API Response Examples
+
+### Region Response
+
+```json
+{
+  "data": [
+    {
+      "id": "us-east",
+      "label": "Newark, NJ",
+      "country": "us",
+      "capabilities": ["Linodes", "Block Storage"],
+      "status": "ok"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### Instance Type Response
+
+```json
+{
+  "data": [
+    {
+      "id": "g6-nanode-1",
+      "label": "Nanode 1GB",
+      "price": {
+        "hourly": 0.0075,
+        "monthly": 5.0
+      },
+      "memory": 1024,
+      "vcpus": 1,
+      "disk": 25600,
+      "transfer": 1000,
+      "network_out": 1000,
+      "gpus": 0,
+      "class": "nanode"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+## Performance
+
+### Request Timing
+
+- **Rate Limiter**: ~2.5 seconds between requests (0.4 req/s)
+- **API Response**: ~100-500ms per request
+- **Timeout**: 10 seconds maximum per request
+
+### Optimization Tips
+
+1. **Parallel Initialization**: Warm Vault cache during startup
+   ```typescript
+   // Pre-load credentials during worker startup
+   await connector.initialize();
+   ```
+
+2. **Batch Processing**: Process normalized data in batches
+   ```typescript
+   const normalizedRegions = regions.map(r =>
+     connector.normalizeRegion(r, providerId)
+   );
+   ```
+
+3. **Error Recovery**: Implement retry logic for transient failures
+   ```typescript
+   async function fetchWithRetry(fn: () => Promise<any>, retries = 3) {
+     for (let i = 0; i < retries; i++) {
+       try {
+         return await fn();
+       } catch (error) {
+         if (i === retries - 1) throw error;
+         await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 1000 * (i + 1)));
+       }
+     }
+   }
+   ```
+
+## Logging
+
+Structured logging for debugging:
+
+```
+[LinodeConnector] Initialized
+[LinodeConnector] Fetching credentials from Vault
+[LinodeConnector] Credentials loaded successfully
+[LinodeConnector] Fetching regions
+[LinodeConnector] Making request { endpoint: '/regions' }
+[LinodeConnector] Regions fetched { count: 25 }
+[LinodeConnector] Fetching instance types
+[LinodeConnector] Making request { endpoint: '/linode/types' }
+[LinodeConnector] Instance types fetched { count: 50 }
+```
+
+Error logging:
+
+```
+[LinodeConnector] HTTP error { statusCode: 401, errorMessage: 'Invalid token' }
+[LinodeConnector] Request timeout { endpoint: '/regions', timeout: 10000 }
+[LinodeConnector] Unexpected error { endpoint: '/regions', error: Error(...) }
+```
+
+## Examples
+
+See [linode.example.ts](/Users/kaffa/cloud-server/src/connectors/linode.example.ts) for comprehensive usage examples:
+
+- Basic usage
+- Data normalization
+- Error handling patterns
+- Cloudflare Workers integration
+- Rate limiting demonstration
+- Instance family mapping
+
+## Security Best Practices
+
+1. **Never commit tokens**: Store API tokens in Vault
+2. **Rotate tokens regularly**: Update tokens periodically
+3. **Use least privilege**: Grant only required API permissions
+4. **Monitor access**: Track API usage and rate limits
+5. **Secure transmission**: Always use HTTPS
+6. **Cache credentials**: VaultClient handles credential caching
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Connector Not Initialized
+
+**Problem**: "Connector not initialized" error
+
+**Solution**: Call `initialize()` before making API requests
+```typescript
+await connector.initialize();
+```
+
+### Rate Limit Exceeded (429)
+
+**Problem**: Too many requests error
+
+**Solution**: Should not occur with rate limiter, but if it does:
+- Check if multiple connector instances are being used
+- Verify rate limiter is functioning correctly
+- Add additional delay between requests if needed
+
+### Request Timeout (504)
+
+**Problem**: Requests timing out after 10 seconds
+
+**Solution**:
+- Check network connectivity
+- Verify Linode API status
+- Consider increasing timeout (requires code modification)
+
+### Invalid Instance Family
+
+**Problem**: Warning about unknown instance class
+
+**Solution**: Update `mapInstanceFamily()` method with new class mapping
+
+## License
+
+Internal use only - Part of Cloud Instances API project.

src/connectors/linode.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+import type { RegionInput, InstanceTypeInput, InstanceFamily } from '../types';
+import { VaultClient, VaultError } from './vault';
+
+/**
+ * Rate limiter for Linode API
+ * Linode rate limit: 1600 requests/hour = ~0.44 requests/second
+ */
+class RateLimiter {
+  private lastRequestTime = 0;
+  private readonly minInterval: number;
+
+  constructor(requestsPerSecond: number) {
+    this.minInterval = 1000 / requestsPerSecond; // milliseconds between requests
+  }
+
+  async throttle(): Promise<void> {
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const timeSinceLastRequest = now - this.lastRequestTime;
+
+    if (timeSinceLastRequest < this.minInterval) {
+      const waitTime = this.minInterval - timeSinceLastRequest;
+      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, waitTime));
+    }
+
+    this.lastRequestTime = Date.now();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Linode API error class
+ */
+export class LinodeError extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    message: string,
+    public statusCode?: number,
+    public details?: unknown
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'LinodeError';
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Linode API response types
+ */
+interface LinodeRegion {
+  id: string;
+  label: string;
+  country: string;
+  capabilities: string[];
+  status: string;
+}
+
+interface LinodeInstanceType {
+  id: string;
+  label: string;
+  price: {
+    hourly: number;
+    monthly: number;
+  };
+  memory: number;
+  vcpus: number;
+  disk: number;
+  transfer: number;
+  network_out: number;
+  gpus: number;
+  class: string;
+}
+
+interface LinodeApiResponse<T> {
+  data: T[];
+  page?: number;
+  pages?: number;
+  results?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Linode API Connector
+ *
+ * Features:
+ * - Fetches regions and instance types from Linode API
+ * - Rate limiting: 1600 requests/hour
+ * - Data normalization for database storage
+ * - Comprehensive error handling
+ * - Vault integration for credentials
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const vault = new VaultClient(vaultUrl, vaultToken);
+ * const connector = new LinodeConnector(vault);
+ * const regions = await connector.fetchRegions();
+ */
+export class LinodeConnector {
+  readonly provider = 'linode';
+  private readonly baseUrl = 'https://api.linode.com/v4';
+  private readonly rateLimiter: RateLimiter;
+  private readonly requestTimeout = 10000; // 10 seconds
+  private apiToken: string | null = null;
+
+  constructor(private vaultClient: VaultClient) {
+    // Rate limit: 1600 requests/hour = ~0.44 requests/second
+    // Use 0.4 to be conservative
+    this.rateLimiter = new RateLimiter(0.4);
+    console.log('[LinodeConnector] Initialized');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize connector by fetching credentials from Vault
+   * Must be called before making API requests
+   */
+  async initialize(): Promise<void> {
+    console.log('[LinodeConnector] Fetching credentials from Vault');
+
+    try {
+      const credentials = await this.vaultClient.getCredentials(this.provider);
+      this.apiToken = credentials.api_token;
+      console.log('[LinodeConnector] Credentials loaded successfully');
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error instanceof VaultError) {
+        throw new LinodeError(
+          `Failed to load Linode credentials: ${error.message}`,
+          error.statusCode
+        );
+      }
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fetch all regions from Linode API
+   *
+   * @returns Array of raw Linode region data
+   * @throws LinodeError on API failures
+   */
+  async fetchRegions(): Promise<LinodeRegion[]> {
+    console.log('[LinodeConnector] Fetching regions');
+
+    const response = await this.makeRequest<LinodeApiResponse<LinodeRegion>>(
+      '/regions'
+    );
+
+    console.log('[LinodeConnector] Regions fetched', { count: response.data.length });
+    return response.data;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fetch all instance types from Linode API
+   *
+   * @returns Array of raw Linode instance type data
+   * @throws LinodeError on API failures
+   */
+  async fetchInstanceTypes(): Promise<LinodeInstanceType[]> {
+    console.log('[LinodeConnector] Fetching instance types');
+
+    const response = await this.makeRequest<LinodeApiResponse<LinodeInstanceType>>(
+      '/linode/types'
+    );
+
+    console.log('[LinodeConnector] Instance types fetched', { count: response.data.length });
+    return response.data;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalize Linode region data for database storage
+   *
+   * @param raw - Raw Linode region data
+   * @param providerId - Database provider ID
+   * @returns Normalized region data ready for insertion
+   */
+  normalizeRegion(raw: LinodeRegion, providerId: number): RegionInput {
+    return {
+      provider_id: providerId,
+      region_code: raw.id,
+      region_name: raw.label,
+      country_code: raw.country.toLowerCase(),
+      latitude: null, // Linode doesn't provide coordinates
+      longitude: null,
+      available: raw.status === 'ok' ? 1 : 0,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalize Linode instance type data for database storage
+   *
+   * @param raw - Raw Linode instance type data
+   * @param providerId - Database provider ID
+   * @returns Normalized instance type data ready for insertion
+   */
+  normalizeInstance(raw: LinodeInstanceType, providerId: number): InstanceTypeInput {
+    return {
+      provider_id: providerId,
+      instance_id: raw.id,
+      instance_name: raw.label,
+      vcpu: raw.vcpus,
+      memory_mb: raw.memory, // Already in MB
+      storage_gb: Math.round(raw.disk / 1024), // Convert MB to GB
+      transfer_tb: raw.transfer / 1000, // Convert GB to TB
+      network_speed_gbps: raw.network_out / 1000, // Convert Mbps to Gbps
+      gpu_count: raw.gpus,
+      gpu_type: raw.gpus > 0 ? 'nvidia' : null, // Linode uses NVIDIA GPUs
+      instance_family: this.mapInstanceFamily(raw.class),
+      metadata: JSON.stringify({
+        class: raw.class,
+        hourly_price: raw.price.hourly,
+        monthly_price: raw.price.monthly,
+      }),
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Map Linode instance class to standard instance family
+   *
+   * @param linodeClass - Linode instance class
+   * @returns Standard instance family type
+   */
+  private mapInstanceFamily(linodeClass: string): InstanceFamily {
+    const classLower = linodeClass.toLowerCase();
+
+    if (classLower === 'nanode' || classLower === 'standard') {
+      return 'general';
+    }
+    if (classLower === 'highmem') {
+      return 'memory';
+    }
+    if (classLower === 'dedicated') {
+      return 'compute';
+    }
+    if (classLower === 'gpu') {
+      return 'gpu';
+    }
+
+    // Default to general for unknown classes
+    console.warn('[LinodeConnector] Unknown instance class, defaulting to general', { class: linodeClass });
+    return 'general';
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Make authenticated request to Linode API with rate limiting
+   *
+   * @param endpoint - API endpoint (e.g., '/regions')
+   * @returns Parsed API response
+   * @throws LinodeError on API failures
+   */
+  private async makeRequest<T>(endpoint: string): Promise<T> {
+    if (!this.apiToken) {
+      throw new LinodeError(
+        'Connector not initialized. Call initialize() first.',
+        500
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Apply rate limiting
+    await this.rateLimiter.throttle();
+
+    const url = `${this.baseUrl}${endpoint}`;
+    console.log('[LinodeConnector] Making request', { endpoint });
+
+    try {
+      const controller = new AbortController();
+      const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), this.requestTimeout);
+
+      const response = await fetch(url, {
+        method: 'GET',
+        headers: {
+          'Authorization': `Bearer ${this.apiToken}`,
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        },
+        signal: controller.signal,
+      });
+
+      clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+      // Handle HTTP errors
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        await this.handleHttpError(response);
+      }
+
+      const data = await response.json() as T;
+      return data;
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Handle timeout
+      if (error instanceof Error && error.name === 'AbortError') {
+        console.error('[LinodeConnector] Request timeout', { endpoint, timeout: this.requestTimeout });
+        throw new LinodeError(
+          `Request to Linode API timed out after ${this.requestTimeout}ms`,
+          504
+        );
+      }
+
+      // Re-throw LinodeError
+      if (error instanceof LinodeError) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+
+      // Handle unexpected errors
+      console.error('[LinodeConnector] Unexpected error', { endpoint, error });
+      throw new LinodeError(
+        `Failed to fetch from Linode API: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+        500,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle HTTP error responses from Linode API
+   * This method always throws a LinodeError
+   */
+  private async handleHttpError(response: Response): Promise<never> {
+    const statusCode = response.status;
+    let errorMessage: string;
+    let errorDetails: unknown;
+
+    try {
+      const errorData = await response.json() as { errors?: Array<{ reason?: string }> };
+      errorMessage = errorData.errors?.[0]?.reason || response.statusText;
+      errorDetails = errorData;
+    } catch {
+      errorMessage = response.statusText;
+      errorDetails = null;
+    }
+
+    console.error('[LinodeConnector] HTTP error', { statusCode, errorMessage });
+
+    if (statusCode === 401) {
+      throw new LinodeError(
+        'Linode authentication failed: Invalid or expired API token',
+        401,
+        errorDetails
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (statusCode === 403) {
+      throw new LinodeError(
+        'Linode authorization failed: Insufficient permissions',
+        403,
+        errorDetails
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (statusCode === 429) {
+      throw new LinodeError(
+        'Linode rate limit exceeded: Too many requests',
+        429,
+        errorDetails
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (statusCode >= 500 && statusCode < 600) {
+      throw new LinodeError(
+        `Linode server error: ${errorMessage}`,
+        statusCode,
+        errorDetails
+      );
+    }
+
+    throw new LinodeError(
+      `Linode API request failed: ${errorMessage}`,
+      statusCode,
+      errorDetails
+    );
+  }
+}

src/connectors/vault.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+import type { VaultCredentials, VaultSecretResponse, CacheEntry } from '../types';
+
+/**
+ * Custom error class for Vault operations
+ */
+export class VaultError extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    message: string,
+    public statusCode?: number,
+    public provider?: string
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'VaultError';
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * VaultClient - Manages secure credential retrieval from HashiCorp Vault
+ *
+ * Features:
+ * - In-memory caching with TTL (1 hour)
+ * - Automatic cache invalidation
+ * - Comprehensive error handling
+ * - Type-safe credential access
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const vault = new VaultClient('https://vault.anvil.it.com', token);
+ * const creds = await vault.getCredentials('linode');
+ */
+export class VaultClient {
+  private baseUrl: string;
+  private token: string;
+  private cache: Map<string, CacheEntry<VaultCredentials>>;
+  private readonly CACHE_TTL = 3600 * 1000; // 1 hour in milliseconds
+  private readonly REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 10000; // 10 seconds
+
+  constructor(baseUrl: string, token: string) {
+    this.baseUrl = baseUrl.replace(/\/$/, ''); // Remove trailing slash
+    this.token = token;
+    this.cache = new Map();
+
+    console.log('[VaultClient] Initialized', { baseUrl: this.baseUrl });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieve credentials for a provider from Vault
+   * Implements caching to reduce API calls
+   *
+   * @param provider - Provider name (linode, vultr, aws)
+   * @returns Provider credentials with API token
+   * @throws VaultError on authentication, authorization, or network failures
+   */
+  async getCredentials(provider: string): Promise<VaultCredentials> {
+    console.log('[VaultClient] Retrieving credentials', { provider });
+
+    // Check cache first
+    const cached = this.getFromCache(provider);
+    if (cached) {
+      console.log('[VaultClient] Cache hit', { provider });
+      return cached;
+    }
+
+    console.log('[VaultClient] Cache miss, fetching from Vault', { provider });
+
+    // Fetch from Vault
+    const path = `secret/data/${provider}`;
+    const url = `${this.baseUrl}/v1/${path}`;
+
+    try {
+      const controller = new AbortController();
+      const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), this.REQUEST_TIMEOUT);
+
+      const response = await fetch(url, {
+        method: 'GET',
+        headers: {
+          'X-Vault-Token': this.token,
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        },
+        signal: controller.signal,
+      });
+
+      clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+      // Handle HTTP errors
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        await this.handleHttpError(response, provider);
+      }
+
+      // Parse and validate response
+      const data = await response.json() as VaultSecretResponse;
+
+      if (!this.isValidVaultResponse(data)) {
+        throw new VaultError(
+          `Invalid response structure from Vault for provider: ${provider}`,
+          500,
+          provider
+        );
+      }
+
+      const credentials: VaultCredentials = {
+        provider: data.data.data.provider,
+        api_token: data.data.data.api_token,
+      };
+
+      // Validate credentials content
+      if (!credentials.provider || !credentials.api_token) {
+        throw new VaultError(
+          `Missing required fields in Vault response for provider: ${provider}`,
+          500,
+          provider
+        );
+      }
+
+      // Store in cache
+      this.setCache(provider, credentials);
+
+      console.log('[VaultClient] Credentials retrieved successfully', { provider });
+      return credentials;
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Handle timeout
+      if (error instanceof Error && error.name === 'AbortError') {
+        console.error('[VaultClient] Request timeout', { provider, timeout: this.REQUEST_TIMEOUT });
+        throw new VaultError(
+          `Request to Vault timed out after ${this.REQUEST_TIMEOUT}ms`,
+          504,
+          provider
+        );
+      }
+
+      // Re-throw VaultError
+      if (error instanceof VaultError) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+
+      // Handle unexpected errors
+      console.error('[VaultClient] Unexpected error', { provider, error });
+      throw new VaultError(
+        `Failed to retrieve credentials: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+        500,
+        provider
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle HTTP error responses from Vault
+   * This method always throws a VaultError
+   */
+  private async handleHttpError(response: Response, provider: string): Promise<never> {
+    const statusCode = response.status;
+    let errorMessage: string;
+
+    try {
+      const errorData = await response.json() as { errors?: string[] };
+      errorMessage = errorData.errors?.join(', ') || response.statusText;
+    } catch {
+      errorMessage = response.statusText;
+    }
+
+    console.error('[VaultClient] HTTP error', { provider, statusCode, errorMessage });
+
+    // Always throw an error - TypeScript knows execution stops here
+    if (statusCode === 401) {
+      throw new VaultError(
+        'Vault authentication failed: Invalid or expired token',
+        401,
+        provider
+      );
+    } else if (statusCode === 403) {
+      throw new VaultError(
+        `Vault authorization failed: No permission to access ${provider} credentials`,
+        403,
+        provider
+      );
+    } else if (statusCode === 404) {
+      throw new VaultError(
+        `Provider not found in Vault: ${provider}`,
+        404,
+        provider
+      );
+    } else if (statusCode >= 500 && statusCode < 600) {
+      throw new VaultError(
+        `Vault server error: ${errorMessage}`,
+        statusCode,
+        provider
+      );
+    } else {
+      throw new VaultError(
+        `Vault request failed: ${errorMessage}`,
+        statusCode,
+        provider
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Type guard to validate Vault API response structure
+   */
+  private isValidVaultResponse(data: unknown): data is VaultSecretResponse {
+    if (typeof data !== 'object' || data === null) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    const response = data as VaultSecretResponse;
+
+    return (
+      typeof response.data === 'object' &&
+      response.data !== null &&
+      typeof response.data.data === 'object' &&
+      response.data.data !== null &&
+      typeof response.data.data.provider === 'string' &&
+      typeof response.data.data.api_token === 'string'
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieve credentials from cache if not expired
+   */
+  private getFromCache(provider: string): VaultCredentials | null {
+    const entry = this.cache.get(provider);
+
+    if (!entry) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    // Check if cache entry expired
+    if (Date.now() > entry.expiresAt) {
+      console.log('[VaultClient] Cache entry expired', { provider });
+      this.cache.delete(provider);
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return entry.data;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Store credentials in cache with TTL
+   */
+  private setCache(provider: string, credentials: VaultCredentials): void {
+    const entry: CacheEntry<VaultCredentials> = {
+      data: credentials,
+      expiresAt: Date.now() + this.CACHE_TTL,
+    };
+
+    this.cache.set(provider, entry);
+    console.log('[VaultClient] Credentials cached', {
+      provider,
+      expiresIn: `${this.CACHE_TTL / 1000}s`
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Clear cache for a specific provider or all providers
+   */
+  clearCache(provider?: string): void {
+    if (provider) {
+      this.cache.delete(provider);
+      console.log('[VaultClient] Cache cleared', { provider });
+    } else {
+      this.cache.clear();
+      console.log('[VaultClient] All cache cleared');
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get cache statistics
+   */
+  getCacheStats(): { size: number; providers: string[] } {
+    return {
+      size: this.cache.size,
+      providers: Array.from(this.cache.keys()),
+    };
+  }
+}

src/connectors/vultr.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+import type { RegionInput, InstanceTypeInput, InstanceFamily } from '../types';
+import { VaultClient, VaultError } from './vault';
+import { RateLimiter } from './base';
+
+/**
+ * Vultr API error class
+ */
+export class VultrError extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    message: string,
+    public statusCode?: number,
+    public details?: unknown
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'VultrError';
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Vultr API response types
+ */
+interface VultrRegion {
+  id: string;
+  city: string;
+  country: string;
+  continent: string;
+  options: string[];
+}
+
+interface VultrPlan {
+  id: string;
+  vcpu_count: number;
+  ram: number; // in MB
+  disk: number; // in GB
+  disk_count: number;
+  bandwidth: number; // in GB
+  monthly_cost: number;
+  type: string;
+  locations: string[];
+}
+
+interface VultrApiResponse<T> {
+  [key: string]: T[];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Vultr API Connector
+ *
+ * Features:
+ * - Fetches regions and plans from Vultr API
+ * - Rate limiting: 3000 requests/hour
+ * - Data normalization for database storage
+ * - Comprehensive error handling
+ * - Vault integration for credentials
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const vault = new VaultClient(vaultUrl, vaultToken);
+ * const connector = new VultrConnector(vault);
+ * const regions = await connector.fetchRegions();
+ */
+export class VultrConnector {
+  readonly provider = 'vultr';
+  private readonly baseUrl = 'https://api.vultr.com/v2';
+  private readonly rateLimiter: RateLimiter;
+  private readonly requestTimeout = 10000; // 10 seconds
+  private apiKey: string | null = null;
+
+  constructor(private vaultClient: VaultClient) {
+    // Rate limit: 3000 requests/hour = ~0.83 requests/second
+    // Use 0.8 to be conservative
+    this.rateLimiter = new RateLimiter(10, 0.8);
+    console.log('[VultrConnector] Initialized');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize connector by fetching credentials from Vault
+   * Must be called before making API requests
+   */
+  async initialize(): Promise<void> {
+    console.log('[VultrConnector] Fetching credentials from Vault');
+
+    try {
+      const credentials = await this.vaultClient.getCredentials(this.provider);
+      this.apiKey = credentials.api_token;
+      console.log('[VultrConnector] Credentials loaded successfully');
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error instanceof VaultError) {
+        throw new VultrError(
+          `Failed to load Vultr credentials: ${error.message}`,
+          error.statusCode
+        );
+      }
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fetch all regions from Vultr API
+   *
+   * @returns Array of raw Vultr region data
+   * @throws VultrError on API failures
+   */
+  async fetchRegions(): Promise<VultrRegion[]> {
+    console.log('[VultrConnector] Fetching regions');
+
+    const response = await this.makeRequest<VultrApiResponse<VultrRegion>>(
+      '/regions'
+    );
+
+    console.log('[VultrConnector] Regions fetched', { count: response.regions.length });
+    return response.regions;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fetch all plans from Vultr API
+   *
+   * @returns Array of raw Vultr plan data
+   * @throws VultrError on API failures
+   */
+  async fetchPlans(): Promise<VultrPlan[]> {
+    console.log('[VultrConnector] Fetching plans');
+
+    const response = await this.makeRequest<VultrApiResponse<VultrPlan>>(
+      '/plans'
+    );
+
+    console.log('[VultrConnector] Plans fetched', { count: response.plans.length });
+    return response.plans;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalize Vultr region data for database storage
+   *
+   * @param raw - Raw Vultr region data
+   * @param providerId - Database provider ID
+   * @returns Normalized region data ready for insertion
+   */
+  normalizeRegion(raw: VultrRegion, providerId: number): RegionInput {
+    return {
+      provider_id: providerId,
+      region_code: raw.id,
+      region_name: `${raw.city}, ${raw.country}`,
+      country_code: this.getCountryCode(raw.country),
+      latitude: null, // Vultr doesn't provide coordinates
+      longitude: null,
+      available: 1, // Vultr only returns available regions
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalize Vultr plan data for database storage
+   *
+   * @param raw - Raw Vultr plan data
+   * @param providerId - Database provider ID
+   * @returns Normalized instance type data ready for insertion
+   */
+  normalizeInstance(raw: VultrPlan, providerId: number): InstanceTypeInput {
+    // Calculate hourly price: monthly_cost / 730 hours
+    const hourlyPrice = raw.monthly_cost / 730;
+
+    return {
+      provider_id: providerId,
+      instance_id: raw.id,
+      instance_name: raw.id,
+      vcpu: raw.vcpu_count,
+      memory_mb: raw.ram, // Already in MB
+      storage_gb: raw.disk, // Already in GB
+      transfer_tb: raw.bandwidth / 1000, // Convert GB to TB
+      network_speed_gbps: null, // Vultr doesn't provide network speed
+      gpu_count: 0, // Vultr doesn't expose GPU in plans API
+      gpu_type: null,
+      instance_family: this.mapInstanceFamily(raw.type),
+      metadata: JSON.stringify({
+        type: raw.type,
+        disk_count: raw.disk_count,
+        locations: raw.locations,
+        hourly_price: hourlyPrice,
+        monthly_price: raw.monthly_cost,
+      }),
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Map Vultr instance type to standard instance family
+   *
+   * @param vultrType - Vultr instance type
+   * @returns Standard instance family type
+   */
+  private mapInstanceFamily(vultrType: string): InstanceFamily {
+    const typeLower = vultrType.toLowerCase();
+
+    if (typeLower === 'vc2' || typeLower === 'vhf') {
+      return 'general';
+    }
+    if (typeLower === 'vhp') {
+      return 'compute';
+    }
+    if (typeLower === 'vdc') {
+      return 'compute'; // dedicated CPU → compute family
+    }
+    if (typeLower === 'vcg') {
+      return 'gpu';
+    }
+
+    // Default to general for unknown types
+    console.warn('[VultrConnector] Unknown instance type, defaulting to general', { type: vultrType });
+    return 'general';
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Map country name to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code
+   *
+   * @param countryName - Full country name
+   * @returns Lowercase ISO alpha-2 country code or null if not found
+   */
+  private getCountryCode(countryName: string): string | null {
+    const countryMap: Record<string, string> = {
+      'US': 'us',
+      'United States': 'us',
+      'Canada': 'ca',
+      'UK': 'gb',
+      'United Kingdom': 'gb',
+      'Germany': 'de',
+      'France': 'fr',
+      'Netherlands': 'nl',
+      'Australia': 'au',
+      'Japan': 'jp',
+      'Singapore': 'sg',
+      'South Korea': 'kr',
+      'India': 'in',
+      'Spain': 'es',
+      'Poland': 'pl',
+      'Sweden': 'se',
+      'Israel': 'il',
+      'Mexico': 'mx',
+      'Brazil': 'br',
+    };
+
+    return countryMap[countryName] || null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Make authenticated request to Vultr API with rate limiting
+   *
+   * @param endpoint - API endpoint (e.g., '/regions')
+   * @returns Parsed API response
+   * @throws VultrError on API failures
+   */
+  private async makeRequest<T>(endpoint: string): Promise<T> {
+    if (!this.apiKey) {
+      throw new VultrError(
+        'Connector not initialized. Call initialize() first.',
+        500
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Apply rate limiting
+    await this.rateLimiter.waitForToken();
+
+    const url = `${this.baseUrl}${endpoint}`;
+    console.log('[VultrConnector] Making request', { endpoint });
+
+    try {
+      const controller = new AbortController();
+      const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), this.requestTimeout);
+
+      const response = await fetch(url, {
+        method: 'GET',
+        headers: {
+          'Authorization': `Bearer ${this.apiKey}`,
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        },
+        signal: controller.signal,
+      });
+
+      clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+      // Handle HTTP errors
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        await this.handleHttpError(response);
+      }
+
+      const data = await response.json() as T;
+      return data;
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Handle timeout
+      if (error instanceof Error && error.name === 'AbortError') {
+        console.error('[VultrConnector] Request timeout', { endpoint, timeout: this.requestTimeout });
+        throw new VultrError(
+          `Request to Vultr API timed out after ${this.requestTimeout}ms`,
+          504
+        );
+      }
+
+      // Re-throw VultrError
+      if (error instanceof VultrError) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+
+      // Handle unexpected errors
+      console.error('[VultrConnector] Unexpected error', { endpoint, error });
+      throw new VultrError(
+        `Failed to fetch from Vultr API: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
+        500,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle HTTP error responses from Vultr API
+   * This method always throws a VultrError
+   */
+  private async handleHttpError(response: Response): Promise<never> {
+    const statusCode = response.status;
+    let errorMessage: string;
+    let errorDetails: unknown;
+
+    try {
+      const errorData = await response.json() as { error?: string; message?: string };
+      errorMessage = errorData.error || errorData.message || response.statusText;
+      errorDetails = errorData;
+    } catch {
+      errorMessage = response.statusText;
+      errorDetails = null;
+    }
+
+    console.error('[VultrConnector] HTTP error', { statusCode, errorMessage });
+
+    if (statusCode === 401) {
+      throw new VultrError(
+        'Vultr authentication failed: Invalid or expired API key',
+        401,
+        errorDetails
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (statusCode === 403) {
+      throw new VultrError(
+        'Vultr authorization failed: Insufficient permissions',
+        403,
+        errorDetails
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (statusCode === 429) {
+      // Check for Retry-After header
+      const retryAfter = response.headers.get('Retry-After');
+      const retryMessage = retryAfter
+        ? ` Retry after ${retryAfter} seconds.`
+        : '';
+
+      throw new VultrError(
+        `Vultr rate limit exceeded: Too many requests.${retryMessage}`,
+        429,
+        errorDetails
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (statusCode >= 500 && statusCode < 600) {
+      throw new VultrError(
+        `Vultr server error: ${errorMessage}`,
+        statusCode,
+        errorDetails
+      );
+    }
+
+    throw new VultrError(
+      `Vultr API request failed: ${errorMessage}`,
+      statusCode,
+      errorDetails
+    );
+  }
+}

src/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/**
+ * Cloud Instances API - Cloudflare Worker Entry Point
+ *
+ * Multi-cloud VM instance database with Linode, Vultr, AWS support
+ */
+
+import { Env } from './types';
+import { handleSync, handleInstances, handleHealth } from './routes';
+
+export default {
+  /**
+   * HTTP Request Handler
+   */
+  async fetch(request: Request, env: Env, _ctx: ExecutionContext): Promise<Response> {
+    const url = new URL(request.url);
+    const path = url.pathname;
+
+    try {
+      // Health check
+      if (path === '/health') {
+        return handleHealth(env);
+      }
+
+      // Query instances
+      if (path === '/instances' && request.method === 'GET') {
+        return handleInstances(request, env);
+      }
+
+      // Sync trigger
+      if (path === '/sync' && request.method === 'POST') {
+        return handleSync(request, env);
+      }
+
+      // 404 Not Found
+      return Response.json(
+        { error: 'Not Found', path },
+        { status: 404 }
+      );
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('Request error:', error);
+      return Response.json(
+        { error: 'Internal Server Error' },
+        { status: 500 }
+      );
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Scheduled (Cron) Handler
+   *
+   * Cron Schedules:
+   * - 0 0 * * * : Daily full sync at 00:00 UTC
+   * - 0 star-slash-6 * * * : Pricing update every 6 hours
+   */
+  async scheduled(event: ScheduledEvent, env: Env, ctx: ExecutionContext): Promise<void> {
+    const cron = event.cron;
+    console.log(`[Cron] Triggered: ${cron} at ${new Date(event.scheduledTime).toISOString()}`);
+
+    // Daily full sync at 00:00 UTC
+    if (cron === '0 0 * * *') {
+      const VaultClient = (await import('./connectors/vault')).VaultClient;
+      const SyncOrchestrator = (await import('./services/sync')).SyncOrchestrator;
+
+      const vault = new VaultClient(env.VAULT_URL, env.VAULT_TOKEN);
+      const orchestrator = new SyncOrchestrator(env.DB, vault);
+
+      ctx.waitUntil(
+        orchestrator.syncAll(['linode', 'vultr', 'aws'])
+          .then(report => {
+            console.log('[Cron] Daily sync complete', {
+              success: report.summary.successful_providers,
+              failed: report.summary.failed_providers,
+              duration: report.total_duration_ms
+            });
+          })
+          .catch(error => {
+            console.error('[Cron] Daily sync failed', error);
+          })
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Pricing update every 6 hours
+    if (cron === '0 */6 * * *') {
+      // Skip full sync, just log for now (pricing update logic can be added later)
+      console.log('[Cron] Pricing update check (not implemented yet)');
+    }
+  },
+};

src/repositories/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+# D1 Repository Layer
+
+TypeScript repository layer for Cloudflare D1 database operations with type safety, error handling, and transaction support.
+
+## Files Structure
+
+```
+src/repositories/
+├── base.ts          - Abstract base repository with CRUD operations
+├── providers.ts     - Provider management
+├── regions.ts       - Region management with bulk upsert
+├── instances.ts     - Instance type management with search
+├── pricing.ts       - Pricing management with price history
+└── index.ts         - Export all repositories & factory
+```
+
+## Features
+
+- **Type Safety**: Full TypeScript support with proper types from `src/types.ts`
+- **Error Handling**: Custom `RepositoryError` with error codes
+- **SQL Injection Prevention**: All queries use prepared statements
+- **Transaction Support**: Batch operations via D1 batch API
+- **Specialized Methods**: Domain-specific queries for each entity
+
+## Usage
+
+### Basic Repository Operations
+
+```typescript
+import { RepositoryFactory } from './repositories';
+
+// Initialize factory
+const repos = new RepositoryFactory(env.DB);
+
+// Providers
+const provider = await repos.providers.findByName('linode');
+await repos.providers.updateSyncStatus('linode', 'success');
+
+// Regions
+const regions = await repos.regions.findByProvider(1);
+await repos.regions.upsertMany(1, regionDataArray);
+
+// Instances
+const instances = await repos.instances.findByProvider(1);
+const gpuInstances = await repos.instances.findGpuInstances();
+await repos.instances.upsertMany(1, instanceDataArray);
+
+// Pricing
+const pricing = await repos.pricing.findByInstance(1);
+await repos.pricing.upsertMany(pricingDataArray);
+const history = await repos.pricing.getPriceHistory(1);
+```
+
+### Advanced Search Examples
+
+```typescript
+// Search instances by specifications
+const results = await repos.instances.search({
+  providerId: 1,
+  minVcpu: 4,
+  maxVcpu: 16,
+  minMemoryMb: 8192,
+  family: 'compute',
+  hasGpu: false
+});
+
+// Search pricing by price range
+const affordable = await repos.pricing.searchByPriceRange(
+  0,      // minHourly
+  0.05,   // maxHourly
+  0,      // minMonthly
+  50      // maxMonthly
+);
+
+// Find available regions only
+const available = await repos.regions.findAvailable(1); // provider 1
+```
+
+### Bulk Operations (Upsert)
+
+All repositories support efficient bulk upsert operations using D1 batch API:
+
+```typescript
+// Upsert many regions (atomic operation)
+const regionCount = await repos.regions.upsertMany(providerId, [
+  {
+    provider_id: 1,
+    region_code: 'us-east',
+    region_name: 'US East (Newark)',
+    country_code: 'US',
+    latitude: 40.7357,
+    longitude: -74.1724,
+    available: 1
+  },
+  // ... more regions
+]);
+
+// Upsert many instance types
+const instanceCount = await repos.instances.upsertMany(providerId, [
+  {
+    provider_id: 1,
+    instance_id: 'g6-nanode-1',
+    instance_name: 'Nanode 1GB',
+    vcpu: 1,
+    memory_mb: 1024,
+    storage_gb: 25,
+    transfer_tb: 1,
+    network_speed_gbps: 0.04,
+    gpu_count: 0,
+    gpu_type: null,
+    instance_family: 'general',
+    metadata: null
+  },
+  // ... more instances
+]);
+
+// Upsert many pricing records
+const pricingCount = await repos.pricing.upsertMany([
+  {
+    instance_type_id: 1,
+    region_id: 1,
+    hourly_price: 0.0075,
+    monthly_price: 5.0,
+    currency: 'USD',
+    available: 1
+  },
+  // ... more pricing
+]);
+```
+
+## Error Handling
+
+All repository methods throw `RepositoryError` with specific error codes:
+
+```typescript
+import { RepositoryError, ErrorCodes } from '../types';
+
+try {
+  const provider = await repos.providers.findByName('linode');
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error instanceof RepositoryError) {
+    switch (error.code) {
+      case ErrorCodes.NOT_FOUND:
+        console.error('Provider not found');
+        break;
+      case ErrorCodes.DUPLICATE:
+        console.error('Duplicate entry');
+        break;
+      case ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR:
+        console.error('Database error:', error.cause);
+        break;
+      case ErrorCodes.TRANSACTION_FAILED:
+        console.error('Transaction failed:', error.message);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Error Codes
+
+- `NOT_FOUND`: Record not found
+- `DUPLICATE`: Unique constraint violation
+- `CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION`: Database constraint violation
+- `DATABASE_ERROR`: General database error
+- `TRANSACTION_FAILED`: Batch operation failed
+- `INVALID_INPUT`: Invalid input data
+
+## Base Repository Methods
+
+All repositories inherit these methods from `BaseRepository<T>`:
+
+- `findById(id: number): Promise<T | null>`
+- `findAll(options?: PaginationOptions): Promise<T[]>`
+- `create(data: Partial<T>): Promise<T>`
+- `update(id: number, data: Partial<T>): Promise<T>`
+- `delete(id: number): Promise<boolean>`
+- `count(): Promise<number>`
+- `executeBatch(statements: D1PreparedStatement[]): Promise<D1Result[]>`
+
+## Specialized Repository Methods
+
+### ProvidersRepository
+- `findByName(name: string): Promise<Provider | null>`
+- `updateSyncStatus(name: string, status, error?): Promise<Provider>`
+- `findByStatus(status): Promise<Provider[]>`
+- `upsert(data): Promise<Provider>`
+
+### RegionsRepository
+- `findByProvider(providerId: number): Promise<Region[]>`
+- `findByCode(providerId, code): Promise<Region | null>`
+- `upsertMany(providerId, regions[]): Promise<number>`
+- `findAvailable(providerId?): Promise<Region[]>`
+- `updateAvailability(id, available): Promise<Region>`
+
+### InstancesRepository
+- `findByProvider(providerId: number): Promise<InstanceType[]>`
+- `findByFamily(family): Promise<InstanceType[]>`
+- `findByInstanceId(providerId, instanceId): Promise<InstanceType | null>`
+- `upsertMany(providerId, instances[]): Promise<number>`
+- `findGpuInstances(providerId?): Promise<InstanceType[]>`
+- `search(criteria): Promise<InstanceType[]>`
+
+### PricingRepository
+- `findByInstance(instanceTypeId): Promise<Pricing[]>`
+- `findByRegion(regionId): Promise<Pricing[]>`
+- `findByInstanceAndRegion(instanceTypeId, regionId): Promise<Pricing | null>`
+- `upsertMany(pricing[]): Promise<number>`
+- `recordPriceHistory(pricingId, hourly, monthly): Promise<void>`
+- `getPriceHistory(pricingId, limit?): Promise<PriceHistory[]>`
+- `findAvailable(instanceTypeId?, regionId?): Promise<Pricing[]>`
+- `searchByPriceRange(minHourly?, maxHourly?, minMonthly?, maxMonthly?): Promise<Pricing[]>`
+- `updateAvailability(id, available): Promise<Pricing>`
+
+## Transaction Support
+
+All `upsertMany` operations use D1 batch API for atomic transactions:
+
+```typescript
+// All records are inserted/updated atomically
+// If any operation fails, the entire batch is rolled back
+const count = await repos.regions.upsertMany(providerId, regions);
+```
+
+## Price History Tracking
+
+Price history is automatically tracked via database triggers:
+
+```typescript
+// Automatic: Triggers record price changes automatically
+await repos.pricing.update(1, { hourly_price: 0.01, monthly_price: 7.50 });
+
+// Manual: Explicitly record price history
+await repos.pricing.recordPriceHistory(1, 0.01, 7.50);
+
+// Query: Get price history
+const history = await repos.pricing.getPriceHistory(1, 10); // last 10 records
+```
+
+## Performance Considerations
+
+- All queries use prepared statements for security and performance
+- Bulk operations use batch API to minimize round trips
+- Indexes are defined in schema.sql for optimal query performance
+- Pagination support via `PaginationOptions` for large datasets
+
+## Testing
+
+Run TypeScript compilation check:
+```bash
+npx tsc --noEmit
+```
+
+## Database Schema
+
+See `/Users/kaffa/cloud-server/schema.sql` for complete database schema including:
+- Table definitions
+- Indexes
+- Triggers for automatic timestamps
+- Triggers for price history tracking

src/repositories/base.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+/**
+ * Base Repository Class
+ * Provides common CRUD operations for all database entities
+ */
+
+import { RepositoryError, ErrorCodes, PaginationOptions } from '../types';
+
+export abstract class BaseRepository<T> {
+  protected abstract tableName: string;
+
+  constructor(protected db: D1Database) {}
+
+  /**
+   * Find a record by ID
+   */
+  async findById(id: number): Promise<T | null> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(`SELECT * FROM ${this.tableName} WHERE id = ?`)
+        .bind(id)
+        .first<T>();
+
+      return result || null;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`[${this.tableName}] findById failed:`, error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find ${this.tableName} by id: ${id}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find all records with optional pagination
+   */
+  async findAll(options?: PaginationOptions): Promise<T[]> {
+    try {
+      const limit = options?.limit ?? 100;
+      const offset = options?.offset ?? 0;
+
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(`SELECT * FROM ${this.tableName} LIMIT ? OFFSET ?`)
+        .bind(limit, offset)
+        .all<T>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`[${this.tableName}] findAll failed:`, error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to fetch ${this.tableName} records`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new record
+   */
+  async create(data: Partial<T>): Promise<T> {
+    try {
+      const columns = Object.keys(data).join(', ');
+      const placeholders = Object.keys(data)
+        .map(() => '?')
+        .join(', ');
+      const values = Object.values(data);
+
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(
+          `INSERT INTO ${this.tableName} (${columns}) VALUES (${placeholders}) RETURNING *`
+        )
+        .bind(...values)
+        .first<T>();
+
+      if (!result) {
+        throw new Error('Insert operation returned no data');
+      }
+
+      return result;
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      console.error(`[${this.tableName}] create failed:`, error);
+
+      // Handle UNIQUE constraint violations
+      if (error.message?.includes('UNIQUE constraint failed')) {
+        throw new RepositoryError(
+          `Duplicate entry in ${this.tableName}`,
+          ErrorCodes.DUPLICATE,
+          error
+        );
+      }
+
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to create ${this.tableName} record`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update a record by ID
+   */
+  async update(id: number, data: Partial<T>): Promise<T> {
+    try {
+      const updates = Object.keys(data)
+        .map((key) => `${key} = ?`)
+        .join(', ');
+      const values = [...Object.values(data), id];
+
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(
+          `UPDATE ${this.tableName} SET ${updates} WHERE id = ? RETURNING *`
+        )
+        .bind(...values)
+        .first<T>();
+
+      if (!result) {
+        throw new RepositoryError(
+          `Record not found in ${this.tableName} with id: ${id}`,
+          ErrorCodes.NOT_FOUND
+        );
+      }
+
+      return result;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`[${this.tableName}] update failed:`, error);
+
+      if (error instanceof RepositoryError) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to update ${this.tableName} record with id: ${id}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete a record by ID
+   */
+  async delete(id: number): Promise<boolean> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(`DELETE FROM ${this.tableName} WHERE id = ?`)
+        .bind(id)
+        .run();
+
+      return (result.meta.changes ?? 0) > 0;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`[${this.tableName}] delete failed:`, error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to delete ${this.tableName} record with id: ${id}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Count total records
+   */
+  async count(): Promise<number> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(`SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM ${this.tableName}`)
+        .first<{ count: number }>();
+
+      return result?.count ?? 0;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`[${this.tableName}] count failed:`, error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to count ${this.tableName} records`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute batch operations within a transaction
+   * D1 batch operations are atomic (all succeed or all fail)
+   */
+  protected async executeBatch(statements: D1PreparedStatement[]): Promise<D1Result[]> {
+    try {
+      const results = await this.db.batch(statements);
+      return results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`[${this.tableName}] batch execution failed:`, error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Batch operation failed for ${this.tableName}`,
+        ErrorCodes.TRANSACTION_FAILED,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}

src/repositories/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/**
+ * Repositories Index
+ * Export all repository classes for easy importing
+ */
+
+export { BaseRepository } from './base';
+export { ProvidersRepository } from './providers';
+export { RegionsRepository } from './regions';
+export { InstancesRepository } from './instances';
+export { PricingRepository } from './pricing';
+
+import { ProvidersRepository } from './providers';
+import { RegionsRepository } from './regions';
+import { InstancesRepository } from './instances';
+import { PricingRepository } from './pricing';
+
+/**
+ * Repository factory for creating repository instances
+ */
+export class RepositoryFactory {
+  constructor(private db: D1Database) {}
+
+  get providers(): ProvidersRepository {
+    return new ProvidersRepository(this.db);
+  }
+
+  get regions(): RegionsRepository {
+    return new RegionsRepository(this.db);
+  }
+
+  get instances(): InstancesRepository {
+    return new InstancesRepository(this.db);
+  }
+
+  get pricing(): PricingRepository {
+    return new PricingRepository(this.db);
+  }
+}

src/repositories/instances.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+/**
+ * Instance Types Repository
+ * Handles CRUD operations for VM instance types
+ */
+
+import { BaseRepository } from './base';
+import { InstanceType, InstanceTypeInput, InstanceFamily, RepositoryError, ErrorCodes } from '../types';
+
+export class InstancesRepository extends BaseRepository<InstanceType> {
+  protected tableName = 'instance_types';
+
+  /**
+   * Find all instance types for a specific provider
+   */
+  async findByProvider(providerId: number): Promise<InstanceType[]> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('SELECT * FROM instance_types WHERE provider_id = ?')
+        .bind(providerId)
+        .all<InstanceType>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[InstancesRepository] findByProvider failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find instance types for provider: ${providerId}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find instance types by family
+   */
+  async findByFamily(family: InstanceFamily): Promise<InstanceType[]> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('SELECT * FROM instance_types WHERE instance_family = ?')
+        .bind(family)
+        .all<InstanceType>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[InstancesRepository] findByFamily failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find instance types by family: ${family}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find an instance type by provider ID and instance ID
+   */
+  async findByInstanceId(providerId: number, instanceId: string): Promise<InstanceType | null> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('SELECT * FROM instance_types WHERE provider_id = ? AND instance_id = ?')
+        .bind(providerId, instanceId)
+        .first<InstanceType>();
+
+      return result || null;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[InstancesRepository] findByInstanceId failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find instance type: ${instanceId}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bulk upsert instance types for a provider
+   * Uses batch operations for efficiency
+   */
+  async upsertMany(providerId: number, instances: InstanceTypeInput[]): Promise<number> {
+    if (instances.length === 0) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // Build upsert statements for each instance type
+      const statements = instances.map((instance) => {
+        return this.db.prepare(
+          `INSERT INTO instance_types (
+            provider_id, instance_id, instance_name, vcpu, memory_mb, 
+            storage_gb, transfer_tb, network_speed_gbps, gpu_count, 
+            gpu_type, instance_family, metadata
+          ) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+          ON CONFLICT(provider_id, instance_id) 
+          DO UPDATE SET
+            instance_name = excluded.instance_name,
+            vcpu = excluded.vcpu,
+            memory_mb = excluded.memory_mb,
+            storage_gb = excluded.storage_gb,
+            transfer_tb = excluded.transfer_tb,
+            network_speed_gbps = excluded.network_speed_gbps,
+            gpu_count = excluded.gpu_count,
+            gpu_type = excluded.gpu_type,
+            instance_family = excluded.instance_family,
+            metadata = excluded.metadata`
+        ).bind(
+          providerId,
+          instance.instance_id,
+          instance.instance_name,
+          instance.vcpu,
+          instance.memory_mb,
+          instance.storage_gb,
+          instance.transfer_tb || null,
+          instance.network_speed_gbps || null,
+          instance.gpu_count,
+          instance.gpu_type || null,
+          instance.instance_family || null,
+          instance.metadata || null
+        );
+      });
+
+      const results = await this.executeBatch(statements);
+      
+      // Count successful operations
+      const successCount = results.reduce(
+        (sum, result) => sum + (result.meta.changes ?? 0),
+        0
+      );
+
+      console.log(`[InstancesRepository] Upserted ${successCount} instance types for provider ${providerId}`);
+      return successCount;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[InstancesRepository] upsertMany failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to upsert instance types for provider: ${providerId}`,
+        ErrorCodes.TRANSACTION_FAILED,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find GPU instances only
+   */
+  async findGpuInstances(providerId?: number): Promise<InstanceType[]> {
+    try {
+      let query = 'SELECT * FROM instance_types WHERE gpu_count > 0';
+      const params: any[] = [];
+
+      if (providerId !== undefined) {
+        query += ' AND provider_id = ?';
+        params.push(providerId);
+      }
+
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(query)
+        .bind(...params)
+        .all<InstanceType>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[InstancesRepository] findGpuInstances failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        'Failed to find GPU instances',
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Search instances by specifications
+   */
+  async search(criteria: {
+    providerId?: number;
+    minVcpu?: number;
+    maxVcpu?: number;
+    minMemoryMb?: number;
+    maxMemoryMb?: number;
+    family?: InstanceFamily;
+    hasGpu?: boolean;
+  }): Promise<InstanceType[]> {
+    try {
+      const conditions: string[] = [];
+      const params: any[] = [];
+
+      if (criteria.providerId !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push('provider_id = ?');
+        params.push(criteria.providerId);
+      }
+
+      if (criteria.minVcpu !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push('vcpu >= ?');
+        params.push(criteria.minVcpu);
+      }
+
+      if (criteria.maxVcpu !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push('vcpu <= ?');
+        params.push(criteria.maxVcpu);
+      }
+
+      if (criteria.minMemoryMb !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push('memory_mb >= ?');
+        params.push(criteria.minMemoryMb);
+      }
+
+      if (criteria.maxMemoryMb !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push('memory_mb <= ?');
+        params.push(criteria.maxMemoryMb);
+      }
+
+      if (criteria.family !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push('instance_family = ?');
+        params.push(criteria.family);
+      }
+
+      if (criteria.hasGpu !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push(criteria.hasGpu ? 'gpu_count > 0' : 'gpu_count = 0');
+      }
+
+      const whereClause = conditions.length > 0 ? ' WHERE ' + conditions.join(' AND ') : '';
+      const query = 'SELECT * FROM instance_types' + whereClause;
+
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(query)
+        .bind(...params)
+        .all<InstanceType>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[InstancesRepository] search failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        'Failed to search instance types',
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}

src/repositories/pricing.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+/**
+ * Pricing Repository
+ * Handles CRUD operations for pricing and price history
+ */
+
+import { BaseRepository } from './base';
+import { Pricing, PricingInput, PriceHistory, RepositoryError, ErrorCodes } from '../types';
+
+export class PricingRepository extends BaseRepository<Pricing> {
+  protected tableName = 'pricing';
+
+  /**
+   * Find pricing records for a specific instance type
+   */
+  async findByInstance(instanceTypeId: number): Promise<Pricing[]> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('SELECT * FROM pricing WHERE instance_type_id = ?')
+        .bind(instanceTypeId)
+        .all<Pricing>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[PricingRepository] findByInstance failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find pricing for instance type: ${instanceTypeId}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find pricing records for a specific region
+   */
+  async findByRegion(regionId: number): Promise<Pricing[]> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('SELECT * FROM pricing WHERE region_id = ?')
+        .bind(regionId)
+        .all<Pricing>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[PricingRepository] findByRegion failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find pricing for region: ${regionId}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find a specific pricing record by instance type and region
+   */
+  async findByInstanceAndRegion(
+    instanceTypeId: number,
+    regionId: number
+  ): Promise<Pricing | null> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('SELECT * FROM pricing WHERE instance_type_id = ? AND region_id = ?')
+        .bind(instanceTypeId, regionId)
+        .first<Pricing>();
+
+      return result || null;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[PricingRepository] findByInstanceAndRegion failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find pricing for instance ${instanceTypeId} in region ${regionId}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bulk upsert pricing records
+   * Uses batch operations for efficiency
+   */
+  async upsertMany(pricing: PricingInput[]): Promise<number> {
+    if (pricing.length === 0) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // Build upsert statements for each pricing record
+      const statements = pricing.map((price) => {
+        return this.db.prepare(
+          `INSERT INTO pricing (
+            instance_type_id, region_id, hourly_price, monthly_price, 
+            currency, available
+          ) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+          ON CONFLICT(instance_type_id, region_id) 
+          DO UPDATE SET
+            hourly_price = excluded.hourly_price,
+            monthly_price = excluded.monthly_price,
+            currency = excluded.currency,
+            available = excluded.available`
+        ).bind(
+          price.instance_type_id,
+          price.region_id,
+          price.hourly_price,
+          price.monthly_price,
+          price.currency,
+          price.available
+        );
+      });
+
+      const results = await this.executeBatch(statements);
+      
+      // Count successful operations
+      const successCount = results.reduce(
+        (sum, result) => sum + (result.meta.changes ?? 0),
+        0
+      );
+
+      console.log(`[PricingRepository] Upserted ${successCount} pricing records`);
+      return successCount;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[PricingRepository] upsertMany failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        'Failed to upsert pricing records',
+        ErrorCodes.TRANSACTION_FAILED,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Record a price change in history
+   * Note: This is automatically handled by triggers, but provided for manual use
+   */
+  async recordPriceHistory(
+    pricingId: number,
+    hourlyPrice: number,
+    monthlyPrice: number
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      const now = new Date().toISOString().replace('T', ' ').slice(0, 19);
+      
+      await this.db
+        .prepare(
+          `INSERT INTO price_history (pricing_id, hourly_price, monthly_price, recorded_at)
+           VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)`
+        )
+        .bind(pricingId, hourlyPrice, monthlyPrice, now)
+        .run();
+
+      console.log(`[PricingRepository] Recorded price history for pricing ${pricingId}`);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[PricingRepository] recordPriceHistory failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to record price history for pricing: ${pricingId}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get price history for a specific pricing record
+   */
+  async getPriceHistory(
+    pricingId: number,
+    limit?: number
+  ): Promise<PriceHistory[]> {
+    try {
+      const queryLimit = limit ?? 100;
+      
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(
+          `SELECT * FROM price_history 
+           WHERE pricing_id = ? 
+           ORDER BY recorded_at DESC 
+           LIMIT ?`
+        )
+        .bind(pricingId, queryLimit)
+        .all<PriceHistory>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[PricingRepository] getPriceHistory failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to get price history for pricing: ${pricingId}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find available pricing only
+   */
+  async findAvailable(instanceTypeId?: number, regionId?: number): Promise<Pricing[]> {
+    try {
+      let query = 'SELECT * FROM pricing WHERE available = 1';
+      const params: any[] = [];
+
+      if (instanceTypeId !== undefined) {
+        query += ' AND instance_type_id = ?';
+        params.push(instanceTypeId);
+      }
+
+      if (regionId !== undefined) {
+        query += ' AND region_id = ?';
+        params.push(regionId);
+      }
+
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(query)
+        .bind(...params)
+        .all<Pricing>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[PricingRepository] findAvailable failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        'Failed to find available pricing',
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Search pricing by price range
+   */
+  async searchByPriceRange(
+    minHourly?: number,
+    maxHourly?: number,
+    minMonthly?: number,
+    maxMonthly?: number
+  ): Promise<Pricing[]> {
+    try {
+      const conditions: string[] = ['available = 1'];
+      const params: any[] = [];
+
+      if (minHourly !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push('hourly_price >= ?');
+        params.push(minHourly);
+      }
+
+      if (maxHourly !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push('hourly_price <= ?');
+        params.push(maxHourly);
+      }
+
+      if (minMonthly !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push('monthly_price >= ?');
+        params.push(minMonthly);
+      }
+
+      if (maxMonthly !== undefined) {
+        conditions.push('monthly_price <= ?');
+        params.push(maxMonthly);
+      }
+
+      const query = 'SELECT * FROM pricing WHERE ' + conditions.join(' AND ');
+
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(query)
+        .bind(...params)
+        .all<Pricing>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[PricingRepository] searchByPriceRange failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        'Failed to search pricing by price range',
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update pricing availability
+   */
+  async updateAvailability(id: number, available: boolean): Promise<Pricing> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('UPDATE pricing SET available = ? WHERE id = ? RETURNING *')
+        .bind(available ? 1 : 0, id)
+        .first<Pricing>();
+
+      if (!result) {
+        throw new RepositoryError(
+          `Pricing not found: ${id}`,
+          ErrorCodes.NOT_FOUND
+        );
+      }
+
+      return result;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[PricingRepository] updateAvailability failed:', error);
+      
+      if (error instanceof RepositoryError) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to update pricing availability: ${id}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}

src/repositories/providers.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/**
+ * Providers Repository
+ * Handles CRUD operations for cloud providers
+ */
+
+import { BaseRepository } from './base';
+import { Provider, ProviderInput, RepositoryError, ErrorCodes } from '../types';
+
+export class ProvidersRepository extends BaseRepository<Provider> {
+  protected tableName = 'providers';
+
+  /**
+   * Find provider by name
+   */
+  async findByName(name: string): Promise<Provider | null> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('SELECT * FROM providers WHERE name = ?')
+        .bind(name)
+        .first<Provider>();
+
+      return result || null;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[ProvidersRepository] findByName failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find provider by name: ${name}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update sync status for a provider
+   */
+  async updateSyncStatus(
+    name: string,
+    status: 'pending' | 'syncing' | 'success' | 'error',
+    error?: string
+  ): Promise<Provider> {
+    try {
+      const now = new Date().toISOString().replace('T', ' ').slice(0, 19);
+      
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(
+          `UPDATE providers 
+           SET sync_status = ?, 
+               sync_error = ?, 
+               last_sync_at = ?
+           WHERE name = ? 
+           RETURNING *`
+        )
+        .bind(status, error || null, now, name)
+        .first<Provider>();
+
+      if (!result) {
+        throw new RepositoryError(
+          `Provider not found: ${name}`,
+          ErrorCodes.NOT_FOUND
+        );
+      }
+
+      return result;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[ProvidersRepository] updateSyncStatus failed:', error);
+      
+      if (error instanceof RepositoryError) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to update sync status for provider: ${name}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get all providers with specific sync status
+   */
+  async findByStatus(status: Provider['sync_status']): Promise<Provider[]> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('SELECT * FROM providers WHERE sync_status = ?')
+        .bind(status)
+        .all<Provider>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[ProvidersRepository] findByStatus failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find providers by status: ${status}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create or update a provider
+   */
+  async upsert(data: ProviderInput): Promise<Provider> {
+    try {
+      const existing = await this.findByName(data.name);
+      
+      if (existing) {
+        return await this.update(existing.id, data);
+      }
+
+      return await this.create(data);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[ProvidersRepository] upsert failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to upsert provider: ${data.name}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}

src/repositories/regions.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+/**
+ * Regions Repository
+ * Handles CRUD operations for provider regions
+ */
+
+import { BaseRepository } from './base';
+import { Region, RegionInput, RepositoryError, ErrorCodes } from '../types';
+
+export class RegionsRepository extends BaseRepository<Region> {
+  protected tableName = 'regions';
+
+  /**
+   * Find all regions for a specific provider
+   */
+  async findByProvider(providerId: number): Promise<Region[]> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('SELECT * FROM regions WHERE provider_id = ?')
+        .bind(providerId)
+        .all<Region>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[RegionsRepository] findByProvider failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find regions for provider: ${providerId}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find a region by provider ID and region code
+   */
+  async findByCode(providerId: number, code: string): Promise<Region | null> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('SELECT * FROM regions WHERE provider_id = ? AND region_code = ?')
+        .bind(providerId, code)
+        .first<Region>();
+
+      return result || null;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[RegionsRepository] findByCode failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to find region by code: ${code}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bulk upsert regions for a provider
+   * Uses batch operations for efficiency
+   */
+  async upsertMany(providerId: number, regions: RegionInput[]): Promise<number> {
+    if (regions.length === 0) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // Build upsert statements for each region
+      const statements = regions.map((region) => {
+        return this.db.prepare(
+          `INSERT INTO regions (
+            provider_id, region_code, region_name, country_code, 
+            latitude, longitude, available
+          ) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+          ON CONFLICT(provider_id, region_code) 
+          DO UPDATE SET
+            region_name = excluded.region_name,
+            country_code = excluded.country_code,
+            latitude = excluded.latitude,
+            longitude = excluded.longitude,
+            available = excluded.available`
+        ).bind(
+          providerId,
+          region.region_code,
+          region.region_name,
+          region.country_code || null,
+          region.latitude || null,
+          region.longitude || null,
+          region.available
+        );
+      });
+
+      const results = await this.executeBatch(statements);
+      
+      // Count successful operations
+      const successCount = results.reduce(
+        (sum, result) => sum + (result.meta.changes ?? 0),
+        0
+      );
+
+      console.log(`[RegionsRepository] Upserted ${successCount} regions for provider ${providerId}`);
+      return successCount;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[RegionsRepository] upsertMany failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to upsert regions for provider: ${providerId}`,
+        ErrorCodes.TRANSACTION_FAILED,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get available regions only
+   */
+  async findAvailable(providerId?: number): Promise<Region[]> {
+    try {
+      let query = 'SELECT * FROM regions WHERE available = 1';
+      const params: any[] = [];
+
+      if (providerId !== undefined) {
+        query += ' AND provider_id = ?';
+        params.push(providerId);
+      }
+
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(query)
+        .bind(...params)
+        .all<Region>();
+
+      return result.results;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[RegionsRepository] findAvailable failed:', error);
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        'Failed to find available regions',
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update region availability status
+   */
+  async updateAvailability(id: number, available: boolean): Promise<Region> {
+    try {
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare('UPDATE regions SET available = ? WHERE id = ? RETURNING *')
+        .bind(available ? 1 : 0, id)
+        .first<Region>();
+
+      if (!result) {
+        throw new RepositoryError(
+          `Region not found: ${id}`,
+          ErrorCodes.NOT_FOUND
+        );
+      }
+
+      return result;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[RegionsRepository] updateAvailability failed:', error);
+      
+      if (error instanceof RepositoryError) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+
+      throw new RepositoryError(
+        `Failed to update region availability: ${id}`,
+        ErrorCodes.DATABASE_ERROR,
+        error
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}

src/routes/health.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+/**
+ * Health Check Route Handler
+ * Comprehensive health monitoring for database and provider sync status
+ */
+
+import { Env } from '../types';
+import { RepositoryFactory } from '../repositories';
+
+/**
+ * Component health status
+ */
+type ComponentStatus = 'healthy' | 'degraded' | 'unhealthy';
+
+/**
+ * Provider health information
+ */
+interface ProviderHealth {
+  name: string;
+  status: ComponentStatus;
+  last_sync: string | null;
+  sync_status: string;
+  regions_count?: number;
+  instances_count?: number;
+  error?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Database health information
+ */
+interface DatabaseHealth {
+  status: ComponentStatus;
+  latency_ms?: number;
+  error?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Health check response structure
+ */
+interface HealthCheckResponse {
+  status: ComponentStatus;
+  timestamp: string;
+  components: {
+    database: DatabaseHealth;
+    providers: ProviderHealth[];
+  };
+  summary: {
+    total_providers: number;
+    healthy_providers: number;
+    total_regions: number;
+    total_instances: number;
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check database connectivity and measure latency
+ */
+async function checkDatabaseHealth(db: D1Database): Promise<DatabaseHealth> {
+  try {
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+
+    // Simple connectivity check
+    await db.prepare('SELECT 1').first();
+
+    const latency = Date.now() - startTime;
+
+    return {
+      status: 'healthy',
+      latency_ms: latency,
+    };
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('[Health] Database check failed:', error);
+    return {
+      status: 'unhealthy',
+      error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Database connection failed',
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get provider health status based on sync information
+ */
+function getProviderStatus(
+  lastSync: string | null,
+  syncStatus: string
+): ComponentStatus {
+  // If sync failed, mark as degraded
+  if (syncStatus === 'error') {
+    return 'degraded';
+  }
+
+  // If never synced, mark as unhealthy
+  if (!lastSync) {
+    return 'unhealthy';
+  }
+
+  const lastSyncDate = new Date(lastSync.replace(' ', 'T') + 'Z');
+  const now = new Date();
+  const hoursSinceSync = (now.getTime() - lastSyncDate.getTime()) / (1000 * 60 * 60);
+
+  // Healthy: synced within 24 hours
+  if (hoursSinceSync <= 24) {
+    return 'healthy';
+  }
+
+  // Degraded: synced within 48 hours
+  if (hoursSinceSync <= 48) {
+    return 'degraded';
+  }
+
+  // Unhealthy: not synced for over 48 hours
+  return 'unhealthy';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get overall system status based on component statuses
+ */
+function getOverallStatus(
+  dbStatus: ComponentStatus,
+  providerStatuses: ComponentStatus[]
+): ComponentStatus {
+  // If database is unhealthy, entire system is unhealthy
+  if (dbStatus === 'unhealthy') {
+    return 'unhealthy';
+  }
+
+  // If all providers are unhealthy, system is unhealthy
+  if (providerStatuses.every(status => status === 'unhealthy')) {
+    return 'unhealthy';
+  }
+
+  // If any provider is degraded or unhealthy, system is degraded
+  if (providerStatuses.some(status => status === 'degraded' || status === 'unhealthy')) {
+    return 'degraded';
+  }
+
+  // All components healthy
+  return 'healthy';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Handle health check request
+ */
+export async function handleHealth(env: Env): Promise<Response> {
+  const timestamp = new Date().toISOString();
+
+  try {
+    const repos = new RepositoryFactory(env.DB);
+
+    // Check database health
+    const dbHealth = await checkDatabaseHealth(env.DB);
+
+    // If database is unhealthy, return early
+    if (dbHealth.status === 'unhealthy') {
+      const response: HealthCheckResponse = {
+        status: 'unhealthy',
+        timestamp,
+        components: {
+          database: dbHealth,
+          providers: [],
+        },
+        summary: {
+          total_providers: 0,
+          healthy_providers: 0,
+          total_regions: 0,
+          total_instances: 0,
+        },
+      };
+
+      return Response.json(response, { status: 503 });
+    }
+
+    // Get all providers
+    const providers = await repos.providers.findAll();
+
+    // Build provider health information
+    const providerHealthList: ProviderHealth[] = [];
+    const providerStatuses: ComponentStatus[] = [];
+
+    for (const provider of providers) {
+      // Get counts for this provider
+      const [regionsResult, instancesResult] = await Promise.all([
+        env.DB.prepare('SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM regions WHERE provider_id = ?')
+          .bind(provider.id)
+          .first<{ count: number }>(),
+        env.DB.prepare(
+          'SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM instance_types WHERE provider_id = ?'
+        )
+          .bind(provider.id)
+          .first<{ count: number }>(),
+      ]);
+
+      const status = getProviderStatus(provider.last_sync_at, provider.sync_status);
+      providerStatuses.push(status);
+
+      const providerHealth: ProviderHealth = {
+        name: provider.name,
+        status,
+        last_sync: provider.last_sync_at,
+        sync_status: provider.sync_status,
+        regions_count: regionsResult?.count || 0,
+        instances_count: instancesResult?.count || 0,
+      };
+
+      // Add error if present
+      if (provider.sync_error) {
+        providerHealth.error = provider.sync_error;
+      }
+
+      providerHealthList.push(providerHealth);
+    }
+
+    // Calculate summary statistics
+    const totalRegions = providerHealthList.reduce(
+      (sum, p) => sum + (p.regions_count || 0),
+      0
+    );
+    const totalInstances = providerHealthList.reduce(
+      (sum, p) => sum + (p.instances_count || 0),
+      0
+    );
+    const healthyProviders = providerStatuses.filter(s => s === 'healthy').length;
+
+    // Determine overall status
+    const overallStatus = getOverallStatus(dbHealth.status, providerStatuses);
+
+    const response: HealthCheckResponse = {
+      status: overallStatus,
+      timestamp,
+      components: {
+        database: dbHealth,
+        providers: providerHealthList,
+      },
+      summary: {
+        total_providers: providers.length,
+        healthy_providers: healthyProviders,
+        total_regions: totalRegions,
+        total_instances: totalInstances,
+      },
+    };
+
+    // Return 200 for healthy, 503 for degraded/unhealthy
+    const statusCode = overallStatus === 'healthy' ? 200 : 503;
+
+    return Response.json(response, { status: statusCode });
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('[Health] Health check failed:', error);
+
+    const errorResponse: HealthCheckResponse = {
+      status: 'unhealthy',
+      timestamp,
+      components: {
+        database: {
+          status: 'unhealthy',
+          error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Health check failed',
+        },
+        providers: [],
+      },
+      summary: {
+        total_providers: 0,
+        healthy_providers: 0,
+        total_regions: 0,
+        total_instances: 0,
+      },
+    };
+
+    return Response.json(errorResponse, { status: 503 });
+  }
+}

src/routes/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/**
+ * Routes Index
+ * Central export point for all API route handlers
+ */
+
+export { handleSync } from './sync';
+export { handleInstances } from './instances';
+export { handleHealth } from './health';

src/routes/instances.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+/**
+ * Instances Route Handler
+ *
+ * Endpoint for querying instance types with filtering, sorting, and pagination.
+ * Integrates with cache service for performance optimization.
+ */
+
+import type { Env } from '../types';
+
+/**
+ * Parsed and validated query parameters
+ */
+interface ParsedQueryParams {
+  provider?: string;
+  region?: string;
+  min_vcpu?: number;
+  max_vcpu?: number;
+  min_memory_gb?: number;
+  max_memory_gb?: number;
+  max_price?: number;
+  instance_family?: string;
+  has_gpu?: boolean;
+  sort_by?: string;
+  order?: 'asc' | 'desc';
+  limit: number;
+  offset: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Supported cloud providers
+ */
+const SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS = ['linode', 'vultr', 'aws'] as const;
+type SupportedProvider = typeof SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS[number];
+
+/**
+ * Valid sort fields
+ */
+const VALID_SORT_FIELDS = [
+  'price',
+  'hourly_price',
+  'monthly_price',
+  'vcpu',
+  'memory_mb',
+  'memory_gb',
+  'storage_gb',
+  'instance_name',
+  'provider',
+  'region'
+] as const;
+
+/**
+ * Valid instance families
+ */
+const VALID_FAMILIES = ['general', 'compute', 'memory', 'storage', 'gpu'] as const;
+
+/**
+ * Default query parameters
+ */
+const DEFAULT_LIMIT = 50;
+const MAX_LIMIT = 100;
+const DEFAULT_OFFSET = 0;
+
+/**
+ * Validate provider name
+ */
+function isSupportedProvider(provider: string): provider is SupportedProvider {
+  return SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS.includes(provider as SupportedProvider);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate sort field
+ */
+function isValidSortField(field: string): boolean {
+  return VALID_SORT_FIELDS.includes(field as typeof VALID_SORT_FIELDS[number]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate instance family
+ */
+function isValidFamily(family: string): boolean {
+  return VALID_FAMILIES.includes(family as typeof VALID_FAMILIES[number]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse and validate query parameters
+ */
+function parseQueryParams(url: URL): {
+  params?: ParsedQueryParams;
+  error?: { code: string; message: string; parameter?: string };
+} {
+  const searchParams = url.searchParams;
+  const params: ParsedQueryParams = {
+    limit: DEFAULT_LIMIT,
+    offset: DEFAULT_OFFSET,
+  };
+
+  // Provider validation
+  const provider = searchParams.get('provider');
+  if (provider !== null) {
+    if (!isSupportedProvider(provider)) {
+      return {
+        error: {
+          code: 'INVALID_PARAMETER',
+          message: `Invalid provider: ${provider}. Supported providers: ${SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS.join(', ')}`,
+          parameter: 'provider',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+    params.provider = provider;
+  }
+
+  // Region (no validation, passed as-is)
+  const region = searchParams.get('region');
+  if (region !== null) {
+    params.region = region;
+  }
+
+  // Numeric parameter validation helper
+  function parsePositiveNumber(
+    name: string,
+    value: string | null
+  ): number | undefined | { error: any } {
+    if (value === null) return undefined;
+
+    const parsed = Number(value);
+    if (isNaN(parsed) || parsed < 0) {
+      return {
+        error: {
+          code: 'INVALID_PARAMETER',
+          message: `Invalid value for ${name}: must be a positive number`,
+          parameter: name,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+    return parsed;
+  }
+
+  // Parse min_vcpu
+  const minVcpuResult = parsePositiveNumber('min_vcpu', searchParams.get('min_vcpu'));
+  if (minVcpuResult && typeof minVcpuResult === 'object' && 'error' in minVcpuResult) {
+    return minVcpuResult;
+  }
+  if (typeof minVcpuResult === 'number') {
+    params.min_vcpu = minVcpuResult;
+  }
+
+  // Parse max_vcpu
+  const maxVcpuResult = parsePositiveNumber('max_vcpu', searchParams.get('max_vcpu'));
+  if (maxVcpuResult && typeof maxVcpuResult === 'object' && 'error' in maxVcpuResult) {
+    return maxVcpuResult;
+  }
+  if (typeof maxVcpuResult === 'number') {
+    params.max_vcpu = maxVcpuResult;
+  }
+
+  // Parse min_memory_gb
+  const minMemoryResult = parsePositiveNumber('min_memory_gb', searchParams.get('min_memory_gb'));
+  if (minMemoryResult && typeof minMemoryResult === 'object' && 'error' in minMemoryResult) {
+    return minMemoryResult;
+  }
+  if (typeof minMemoryResult === 'number') {
+    params.min_memory_gb = minMemoryResult;
+  }
+
+  // Parse max_memory_gb
+  const maxMemoryResult = parsePositiveNumber('max_memory_gb', searchParams.get('max_memory_gb'));
+  if (maxMemoryResult && typeof maxMemoryResult === 'object' && 'error' in maxMemoryResult) {
+    return maxMemoryResult;
+  }
+  if (typeof maxMemoryResult === 'number') {
+    params.max_memory_gb = maxMemoryResult;
+  }
+
+  // Parse max_price
+  const maxPriceResult = parsePositiveNumber('max_price', searchParams.get('max_price'));
+  if (maxPriceResult && typeof maxPriceResult === 'object' && 'error' in maxPriceResult) {
+    return maxPriceResult;
+  }
+  if (typeof maxPriceResult === 'number') {
+    params.max_price = maxPriceResult;
+  }
+
+  // Instance family validation
+  const family = searchParams.get('instance_family');
+  if (family !== null) {
+    if (!isValidFamily(family)) {
+      return {
+        error: {
+          code: 'INVALID_PARAMETER',
+          message: `Invalid instance_family: ${family}. Valid values: ${VALID_FAMILIES.join(', ')}`,
+          parameter: 'instance_family',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+    params.instance_family = family;
+  }
+
+  // GPU filter (boolean)
+  const hasGpu = searchParams.get('has_gpu');
+  if (hasGpu !== null) {
+    if (hasGpu !== 'true' && hasGpu !== 'false') {
+      return {
+        error: {
+          code: 'INVALID_PARAMETER',
+          message: 'Invalid value for has_gpu: must be "true" or "false"',
+          parameter: 'has_gpu',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+    params.has_gpu = hasGpu === 'true';
+  }
+
+  // Sort by validation
+  const sortBy = searchParams.get('sort_by');
+  if (sortBy !== null) {
+    if (!isValidSortField(sortBy)) {
+      return {
+        error: {
+          code: 'INVALID_PARAMETER',
+          message: `Invalid sort_by: ${sortBy}. Valid values: ${VALID_SORT_FIELDS.join(', ')}`,
+          parameter: 'sort_by',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+    params.sort_by = sortBy;
+  }
+
+  // Sort order validation
+  const order = searchParams.get('order');
+  if (order !== null) {
+    if (order !== 'asc' && order !== 'desc') {
+      return {
+        error: {
+          code: 'INVALID_PARAMETER',
+          message: 'Invalid order: must be "asc" or "desc"',
+          parameter: 'order',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+    params.order = order;
+  }
+
+  // Limit validation
+  const limitStr = searchParams.get('limit');
+  if (limitStr !== null) {
+    const limit = Number(limitStr);
+    if (isNaN(limit) || limit < 1 || limit > MAX_LIMIT) {
+      return {
+        error: {
+          code: 'INVALID_PARAMETER',
+          message: `Invalid limit: must be between 1 and ${MAX_LIMIT}`,
+          parameter: 'limit',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+    params.limit = limit;
+  }
+
+  // Offset validation
+  const offsetStr = searchParams.get('offset');
+  if (offsetStr !== null) {
+    const offset = Number(offsetStr);
+    if (isNaN(offset) || offset < 0) {
+      return {
+        error: {
+          code: 'INVALID_PARAMETER',
+          message: 'Invalid offset: must be a non-negative number',
+          parameter: 'offset',
+        },
+      };
+    }
+    params.offset = offset;
+  }
+
+  return { params };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generate cache key from query parameters
+ * TODO: Replace with cacheService.generateKey(params) when cache service is implemented
+ */
+function generateCacheKey(params: ParsedQueryParams): string {
+  const parts: string[] = ['instances'];
+
+  if (params.provider) parts.push(`provider:${params.provider}`);
+  if (params.region) parts.push(`region:${params.region}`);
+  if (params.min_vcpu !== undefined) parts.push(`min_vcpu:${params.min_vcpu}`);
+  if (params.max_vcpu !== undefined) parts.push(`max_vcpu:${params.max_vcpu}`);
+  if (params.min_memory_gb !== undefined) parts.push(`min_memory:${params.min_memory_gb}`);
+  if (params.max_memory_gb !== undefined) parts.push(`max_memory:${params.max_memory_gb}`);
+  if (params.max_price !== undefined) parts.push(`max_price:${params.max_price}`);
+  if (params.instance_family) parts.push(`family:${params.instance_family}`);
+  if (params.has_gpu !== undefined) parts.push(`gpu:${params.has_gpu}`);
+  if (params.sort_by) parts.push(`sort:${params.sort_by}`);
+  if (params.order) parts.push(`order:${params.order}`);
+  parts.push(`limit:${params.limit}`);
+  parts.push(`offset:${params.offset}`);
+
+  return parts.join('|');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Handle GET /instances endpoint
+ *
+ * @param request - HTTP request object
+ * @param env - Cloudflare Worker environment bindings
+ * @returns JSON response with instance query results
+ *
+ * @example
+ * GET /instances?provider=linode&min_vcpu=2&max_price=20&sort_by=price&order=asc&limit=50
+ */
+export async function handleInstances(
+  request: Request,
+  _env: Env
+): Promise<Response> {
+  const startTime = Date.now();
+
+  console.log('[Instances] Request received', { url: request.url });
+
+  try {
+    // Parse URL and query parameters
+    const url = new URL(request.url);
+    const parseResult = parseQueryParams(url);
+
+    // Handle validation errors
+    if (parseResult.error) {
+      console.error('[Instances] Validation error', parseResult.error);
+      return Response.json(
+        {
+          success: false,
+          error: parseResult.error,
+        },
+        { status: 400 }
+      );
+    }
+
+    const params = parseResult.params!;
+    console.log('[Instances] Query params validated', params);
+
+    // Generate cache key
+    const cacheKey = generateCacheKey(params);
+    console.log('[Instances] Cache key generated', { cacheKey });
+
+    // TODO: Implement cache check
+    // const cacheService = new CacheService(env);
+    // const cached = await cacheService.get(cacheKey);
+    // if (cached) {
+    //   console.log('[Instances] Cache hit', { cacheKey, age: cached.cache_age_seconds });
+    //   return Response.json({
+    //     success: true,
+    //     data: {
+    //       ...cached.data,
+    //       metadata: {
+    //         cached: true,
+    //         cache_age_seconds: cached.cache_age_seconds,
+    //       },
+    //     },
+    //   });
+    // }
+
+    console.log('[Instances] Cache miss (or cache service not implemented)');
+
+    // TODO: Implement database query
+    // const queryService = new QueryService(env.DB);
+    // const result = await queryService.queryInstances(params);
+
+    // Placeholder response until query service is implemented
+    const queryTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+    const placeholderResponse = {
+      success: true,
+      data: {
+        instances: [],
+        pagination: {
+          total: 0,
+          limit: params.limit,
+          offset: params.offset,
+          has_more: false,
+        },
+        metadata: {
+          cached: false,
+          last_sync: new Date().toISOString(),
+          query_time_ms: queryTime,
+        },
+      },
+    };
+
+    console.log('[Instances] TODO: Implement query service');
+    console.log('[Instances] Placeholder response generated', {
+      queryTime,
+      cacheKey,
+    });
+
+    // TODO: Implement cache storage
+    // await cacheService.set(cacheKey, result);
+
+    return Response.json(placeholderResponse, { status: 200 });
+
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('[Instances] Unexpected error', { error });
+
+    return Response.json(
+      {
+        success: false,
+        error: {
+          code: 'QUERY_FAILED',
+          message: 'Instance query failed',
+          details: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error',
+        },
+      },
+      { status: 500 }
+    );
+  }
+}

src/routes/sync.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+/**
+ * Sync Route Handler
+ *
+ * Endpoint for triggering synchronization with cloud providers.
+ * Validates request parameters and orchestrates sync operations.
+ */
+
+import type { Env, SyncReport } from '../types';
+
+/**
+ * Request body interface for sync endpoint
+ */
+interface SyncRequestBody {
+  providers?: string[];
+  force?: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Supported cloud providers
+ */
+const SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS = ['linode', 'vultr', 'aws'] as const;
+type SupportedProvider = typeof SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS[number];
+
+/**
+ * Validate if provider is supported
+ */
+function isSupportedProvider(provider: string): provider is SupportedProvider {
+  return SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS.includes(provider as SupportedProvider);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Handle POST /sync endpoint
+ *
+ * @param request - HTTP request object
+ * @param env - Cloudflare Worker environment bindings
+ * @returns JSON response with sync results
+ *
+ * @example
+ * POST /sync
+ * {
+ *   "providers": ["linode"],
+ *   "force": false
+ * }
+ */
+export async function handleSync(
+  request: Request,
+  _env: Env
+): Promise<Response> {
+  const startTime = Date.now();
+  const startedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+
+  console.log('[Sync] Request received', { timestamp: startedAt });
+
+  try {
+    // Parse and validate request body
+    let body: SyncRequestBody = {};
+
+    try {
+      const contentType = request.headers.get('content-type');
+      if (contentType && contentType.includes('application/json')) {
+        body = await request.json() as SyncRequestBody;
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[Sync] Invalid JSON in request body', { error });
+      return Response.json(
+        {
+          success: false,
+          error: {
+            code: 'INVALID_REQUEST',
+            message: 'Invalid JSON in request body',
+            details: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'
+          }
+        },
+        { status: 400 }
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Validate providers array
+    const providers = body.providers || ['linode'];
+
+    if (!Array.isArray(providers)) {
+      console.error('[Sync] Providers must be an array', { providers });
+      return Response.json(
+        {
+          success: false,
+          error: {
+            code: 'INVALID_PROVIDERS',
+            message: 'Providers must be an array',
+            details: { received: typeof providers }
+          }
+        },
+        { status: 400 }
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (providers.length === 0) {
+      console.error('[Sync] Providers array is empty');
+      return Response.json(
+        {
+          success: false,
+          error: {
+            code: 'EMPTY_PROVIDERS',
+            message: 'At least one provider must be specified',
+            details: null
+          }
+        },
+        { status: 400 }
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Validate each provider
+    const unsupportedProviders: string[] = [];
+    for (const provider of providers) {
+      if (typeof provider !== 'string') {
+        console.error('[Sync] Provider must be a string', { provider });
+        return Response.json(
+          {
+            success: false,
+            error: {
+              code: 'INVALID_PROVIDER_TYPE',
+              message: 'Each provider must be a string',
+              details: { provider, type: typeof provider }
+            }
+          },
+          { status: 400 }
+        );
+      }
+
+      if (!isSupportedProvider(provider)) {
+        unsupportedProviders.push(provider);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (unsupportedProviders.length > 0) {
+      console.error('[Sync] Unsupported providers', { unsupportedProviders });
+      return Response.json(
+        {
+          success: false,
+          error: {
+            code: 'UNSUPPORTED_PROVIDERS',
+            message: `Unsupported providers: ${unsupportedProviders.join(', ')}`,
+            details: {
+              unsupported: unsupportedProviders,
+              supported: SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        { status: 400 }
+      );
+    }
+
+    const force = body.force === true;
+
+    console.log('[Sync] Validation passed', { providers, force });
+
+    // TODO: Once SyncOrchestrator is implemented, use it here
+    // For now, return a placeholder response
+
+    // const syncOrchestrator = new SyncOrchestrator(env.DB, env.VAULT_URL, env.VAULT_TOKEN);
+    // const syncReport = await syncOrchestrator.syncProviders(providers, force);
+
+    // Placeholder sync report
+    const completedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+    const totalDuration = Date.now() - startTime;
+    const syncId = `sync_${Date.now()}`;
+
+    console.log('[Sync] TODO: Implement actual sync logic');
+    console.log('[Sync] Placeholder response generated', { syncId, totalDuration });
+
+    // Return placeholder success response
+    const placeholderReport: SyncReport = {
+      success: true,
+      started_at: startedAt,
+      completed_at: completedAt,
+      total_duration_ms: totalDuration,
+      providers: providers.map(providerName => ({
+        provider: providerName,
+        success: true,
+        regions_synced: 0,
+        instances_synced: 0,
+        pricing_synced: 0,
+        duration_ms: 0,
+      })),
+      summary: {
+        total_providers: providers.length,
+        successful_providers: providers.length,
+        failed_providers: 0,
+        total_regions: 0,
+        total_instances: 0,
+        total_pricing: 0,
+      }
+    };
+
+    return Response.json(
+      {
+        success: true,
+        data: {
+          sync_id: syncId,
+          ...placeholderReport
+        }
+      },
+      { status: 200 }
+    );
+
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('[Sync] Unexpected error', { error });
+
+    const completedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+    const totalDuration = Date.now() - startTime;
+
+    return Response.json(
+      {
+        success: false,
+        error: {
+          code: 'SYNC_FAILED',
+          message: 'Sync operation failed',
+          details: {
+            error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error',
+            duration_ms: totalDuration,
+            started_at: startedAt,
+            completed_at: completedAt
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      { status: 500 }
+    );
+  }
+}

src/services/cache.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/**
+ * Manual Test Instructions for CacheService
+ *
+ * Since Cloudflare Workers Cache API is only available in the Workers runtime,
+ * these tests must be run in a Cloudflare Workers environment or using Miniflare.
+ *
+ * Test 1: Basic Cache Operations
+ * -------------------------------
+ * 1. Deploy to Cloudflare Workers development environment
+ * 2. Initialize cache: const cache = new CacheService(300);
+ * 3. Set data: await cache.set('test-key', { foo: 'bar' }, 60);
+ * 4. Get data: const result = await cache.get('test-key');
+ * 5. Expected: result.data.foo === 'bar', cache_age_seconds ≈ 0
+ *
+ * Test 2: Cache Key Generation
+ * -----------------------------
+ * 1. Generate key: const key = cache.generateKey({ provider: 'linode', region: 'us-east' });
+ * 2. Expected: key === 'https://cache.internal/instances?provider=linode&region=us-east'
+ * 3. Verify sorting: cache.generateKey({ z: 1, a: 2 }) should have 'a' before 'z'
+ *
+ * Test 3: Cache Miss
+ * ------------------
+ * 1. Request non-existent key: const result = await cache.get('non-existent');
+ * 2. Expected: result === null
+ *
+ * Test 4: Cache Expiration
+ * ------------------------
+ * 1. Set with short TTL: await cache.set('expire-test', { data: 'test' }, 2);
+ * 2. Immediate get: await cache.get('expire-test') → should return data
+ * 3. Wait 3 seconds
+ * 4. Get again: await cache.get('expire-test') → should return null (expired)
+ *
+ * Test 5: Cache Age Tracking
+ * --------------------------
+ * 1. Set data: await cache.set('age-test', { data: 'test' }, 300);
+ * 2. Wait 5 seconds
+ * 3. Get data: const result = await cache.get('age-test');
+ * 4. Expected: result.cache_age_seconds ≈ 5
+ *
+ * Test 6: Cache Deletion
+ * ----------------------
+ * 1. Set data: await cache.set('delete-test', { data: 'test' }, 300);
+ * 2. Delete: const deleted = await cache.delete('delete-test');
+ * 3. Expected: deleted === true
+ * 4. Get data: const result = await cache.get('delete-test');
+ * 5. Expected: result === null
+ *
+ * Test 7: Error Handling (Graceful Degradation)
+ * ----------------------------------------------
+ * 1. Test with invalid cache response (manual mock required)
+ * 2. Expected: No errors thrown, graceful null return
+ * 3. Verify logs show error message
+ *
+ * Test 8: Integration with Instance API
+ * --------------------------------------
+ * 1. Create cache instance in instance endpoint handler
+ * 2. Generate key from query params: cache.generateKey(query)
+ * 3. Check cache: const cached = await cache.get<InstanceData[]>(key);
+ * 4. If cache hit: return cached.data with cache metadata
+ * 5. If cache miss: fetch from database, cache result, return data
+ * 6. Verify cache hit on second request
+ *
+ * Performance Validation:
+ * -----------------------
+ * 1. Measure database query time (first request)
+ * 2. Measure cache hit time (second request)
+ * 3. Expected: Cache hit 10-50x faster than database query
+ * 4. Verify cache age increases on subsequent requests
+ *
+ * TTL Strategy Validation:
+ * ------------------------
+ * Filtered queries (5 min TTL):
+ *   - cache.set(key, data, 300)
+ *   - Verify expires after 5 minutes
+ *
+ * Full dataset (1 hour TTL):
+ *   - cache.set(key, data, 3600)
+ *   - Verify expires after 1 hour
+ *
+ * Post-sync invalidation:
+ *   - After sync operation, call cache.delete(key) for all relevant keys
+ *   - Verify next request fetches fresh data from database
+ */
+
+import { CacheService } from './cache';
+import type { InstanceData } from '../types';
+
+/**
+ * Example: Using CacheService in API endpoint
+ */
+async function exampleInstanceEndpointWithCache(
+  queryParams: Record<string, unknown>,
+  fetchFromDatabase: () => Promise<InstanceData[]>
+): Promise<{ data: InstanceData[]; cached?: boolean; cache_age?: number }> {
+  const cache = new CacheService(300); // 5 minutes default TTL
+
+  // Generate cache key from query parameters
+  const cacheKey = cache.generateKey(queryParams);
+
+  // Try to get from cache
+  const cached = await cache.get<InstanceData[]>(cacheKey);
+
+  if (cached) {
+    console.log(`[API] Cache hit (age: ${cached.cache_age_seconds}s)`);
+    return {
+      data: cached.data,
+      cached: true,
+      cache_age: cached.cache_age_seconds,
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Cache miss - fetch from database
+  console.log('[API] Cache miss - fetching from database');
+  const data = await fetchFromDatabase();
+
+  // Determine TTL based on query complexity
+  const hasFilters = Object.keys(queryParams).length > 0;
+  const ttl = hasFilters ? 300 : 3600; // 5 min for filtered, 1 hour for full
+
+  // Store in cache
+  await cache.set(cacheKey, data, ttl);
+
+  return {
+    data,
+    cached: false,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Example: Cache invalidation after sync
+ */
+async function exampleCacheInvalidationAfterSync(
+  syncedProviders: string[]
+): Promise<void> {
+  const cache = new CacheService();
+
+  // Invalidate all instance caches for synced providers
+  for (const provider of syncedProviders) {
+    // Note: Since Cloudflare Workers Cache API doesn't support pattern matching,
+    // you need to maintain a list of active cache keys or use KV for indexing
+    const key = cache.generateKey({ provider });
+    await cache.delete(key);
+    console.log(`[Sync] Invalidated cache for provider: ${provider}`);
+  }
+
+  console.log('[Sync] Cache invalidation complete');
+}
+
+export { exampleInstanceEndpointWithCache, exampleCacheInvalidationAfterSync };

src/services/cache.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+/**
+ * Cache Service - Cloudflare Workers Cache API wrapper
+ *
+ * Features:
+ * - Cloudflare Workers Cache API integration (caches.default)
+ * - TTL-based cache expiration with Cache-Control headers
+ * - Cache key generation with sorted parameters
+ * - Cache age tracking and metadata
+ * - Graceful degradation on cache failures
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const cache = new CacheService(300); // 5 minutes default TTL
+ * await cache.set('key', data, 3600); // 1 hour TTL
+ * const result = await cache.get<MyType>('key');
+ * if (result) {
+ *   console.log(result.cache_age_seconds);
+ * }
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Cache result structure with metadata
+ */
+export interface CacheResult<T> {
+  /** Cached data */
+  data: T;
+  /** Cache hit indicator (always true for successful cache reads) */
+  cached: true;
+  /** Age of cached data in seconds */
+  cache_age_seconds: number;
+  /** ISO 8601 timestamp when data was cached */
+  cached_at: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * CacheService - Manages cache operations using Cloudflare Workers Cache API
+ */
+export class CacheService {
+  private cache: Cache;
+  private defaultTTL: number;
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize cache service
+   *
+   * @param ttlSeconds - Default TTL in seconds (default: 300 = 5 minutes)
+   */
+  constructor(ttlSeconds = 300) {
+    // Use Cloudflare Workers global caches.default
+    this.cache = caches.default;
+    this.defaultTTL = ttlSeconds;
+    console.log(`[CacheService] Initialized with default TTL: ${ttlSeconds}s`);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get cached data by key
+   *
+   * @param key - Cache key (URL format)
+   * @returns Cached data with metadata, or null if not found/expired
+   */
+  async get<T>(key: string): Promise<CacheResult<T> | null> {
+    try {
+      const response = await this.cache.match(key);
+
+      if (!response) {
+        console.log(`[CacheService] Cache miss: ${key}`);
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      // Parse response body
+      const body = await response.json() as {
+        data: T;
+        cached_at: string;
+      };
+
+      // Calculate cache age
+      const cachedAt = new Date(body.cached_at);
+      const ageSeconds = Math.floor((Date.now() - cachedAt.getTime()) / 1000);
+
+      console.log(`[CacheService] Cache hit: ${key} (age: ${ageSeconds}s)`);
+
+      return {
+        data: body.data,
+        cached: true,
+        cache_age_seconds: ageSeconds,
+        cached_at: body.cached_at,
+      };
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[CacheService] Cache read error:', error);
+      // Graceful degradation: return null on cache errors
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set cached data with TTL
+   *
+   * @param key - Cache key (URL format)
+   * @param data - Data to cache
+   * @param ttlSeconds - TTL in seconds (defaults to defaultTTL)
+   */
+  async set<T>(key: string, data: T, ttlSeconds?: number): Promise<void> {
+    const ttl = ttlSeconds ?? this.defaultTTL;
+
+    try {
+      // Create response with Cache-Control header for TTL
+      const response = new Response(
+        JSON.stringify({
+          data,
+          cached_at: new Date().toISOString(),
+        }),
+        {
+          headers: {
+            'Cache-Control': `public, max-age=${ttl}`,
+            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+          },
+        }
+      );
+
+      // Store in cache
+      await this.cache.put(key, response);
+      console.log(`[CacheService] Cached: ${key} (TTL: ${ttl}s)`);
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[CacheService] Cache write error:', error);
+      // Graceful degradation: continue without caching
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete cached data by key
+   *
+   * @param key - Cache key (URL format)
+   * @returns true if deleted, false if not found or error
+   */
+  async delete(key: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    try {
+      const deleted = await this.cache.delete(key);
+
+      if (deleted) {
+        console.log(`[CacheService] Deleted: ${key}`);
+      } else {
+        console.log(`[CacheService] Delete failed (not found): ${key}`);
+      }
+
+      return deleted;
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[CacheService] Cache delete error:', error);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Generate cache key from parameters
+   * Uses URL format with sorted query parameters for consistency
+   *
+   * @param params - Query parameters as key-value pairs
+   * @returns URL-formatted cache key
+   *
+   * @example
+   * generateKey({ provider: 'linode', region: 'us-east' })
+   * // → 'https://cache.internal/instances?provider=linode&region=us-east'
+   */
+  generateKey(params: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+    // Sort parameters alphabetically for consistent cache keys
+    const sorted = Object.keys(params)
+      .sort()
+      .map(k => `${k}=${params[k]}`)
+      .join('&');
+
+    return `https://cache.internal/instances?${sorted}`;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Invalidate all cache entries matching a pattern
+   * Note: Cloudflare Workers Cache API doesn't support pattern matching
+   * This method is for future implementation with KV or custom cache index
+   *
+   * @param pattern - Pattern to match (e.g., 'instances:*')
+   */
+  async invalidatePattern(pattern: string): Promise<void> {
+    console.warn(`[CacheService] Pattern invalidation not supported: ${pattern}`);
+    // TODO: Implement with KV-based cache index if needed
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get cache statistics
+   * Note: Cloudflare Workers Cache API doesn't expose statistics
+   * This is a placeholder for monitoring integration
+   *
+   * @returns Cache statistics (not available in Cloudflare Workers)
+   */
+  async getStats(): Promise<{ supported: boolean }> {
+    console.warn('[CacheService] Cache statistics not available in Cloudflare Workers');
+    return { supported: false };
+  }
+}

src/services/query.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/**
+ * Query Service
+ * Handles complex instance queries with JOIN operations, filtering, sorting, and pagination
+ */
+
+import {
+  InstanceQueryParams,
+  InstanceResponse,
+  InstanceData,
+  InstanceType,
+  Provider,
+  Region,
+  Pricing,
+} from '../types';
+
+/**
+ * Raw query result from database (flattened JOIN result)
+ */
+interface RawQueryResult {
+  // instance_types fields
+  id: number;
+  provider_id: number;
+  instance_id: string;
+  instance_name: string;
+  vcpu: number;
+  memory_mb: number;
+  storage_gb: number;
+  transfer_tb: number | null;
+  network_speed_gbps: number | null;
+  gpu_count: number;
+  gpu_type: string | null;
+  instance_family: string | null;
+  metadata: string | null;
+  created_at: string;
+  updated_at: string;
+
+  // provider fields (aliased)
+  provider_name: string;
+  provider_display_name: string;
+  provider_api_base_url: string | null;
+  provider_last_sync_at: string | null;
+  provider_sync_status: string;
+  provider_sync_error: string | null;
+  provider_created_at: string;
+  provider_updated_at: string;
+
+  // region fields (aliased)
+  region_id: number;
+  region_provider_id: number;
+  region_code: string;
+  region_name: string;
+  country_code: string | null;
+  latitude: number | null;
+  longitude: number | null;
+  region_available: number;
+  region_created_at: string;
+  region_updated_at: string;
+
+  // pricing fields (aliased)
+  pricing_id: number;
+  pricing_instance_type_id: number;
+  pricing_region_id: number;
+  hourly_price: number;
+  monthly_price: number;
+  currency: string;
+  pricing_available: number;
+  pricing_created_at: string;
+  pricing_updated_at: string;
+}
+
+export class QueryService {
+  constructor(private db: D1Database) {}
+
+  /**
+   * Query instances with filtering, sorting, and pagination
+   */
+  async queryInstances(params: InstanceQueryParams): Promise<InstanceResponse> {
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+
+    try {
+      // Build SQL query and count query
+      const { sql, countSql, bindings } = this.buildQuery(params);
+
+      console.log('[QueryService] Executing query:', sql);
+      console.log('[QueryService] Bindings:', bindings);
+
+      // Execute count query for total results
+      const countResult = await this.db
+        .prepare(countSql)
+        .bind(...bindings)
+        .first<{ total: number }>();
+
+      const totalResults = countResult?.total ?? 0;
+
+      // Execute main query
+      const result = await this.db
+        .prepare(sql)
+        .bind(...bindings)
+        .all<RawQueryResult>();
+
+      // Transform flat results into structured InstanceData
+      const instances = this.transformResults(result.results);
+
+      // Calculate pagination metadata
+      const page = params.page ?? 1;
+      const perPage = Math.min(params.limit ?? 50, 100); // Max 100
+      const totalPages = Math.ceil(totalResults / perPage);
+      const hasNext = page < totalPages;
+      const hasPrevious = page > 1;
+
+      const queryTime = Date.now() - startTime;
+
+      return {
+        data: instances,
+        pagination: {
+          current_page: page,
+          total_pages: totalPages,
+          per_page: perPage,
+          total_results: totalResults,
+          has_next: hasNext,
+          has_previous: hasPrevious,
+        },
+        meta: {
+          query_time_ms: queryTime,
+          filters_applied: this.extractAppliedFilters(params),
+        },
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('[QueryService] Query failed:', error);
+      throw new Error(`Failed to query instances: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Build SQL query with dynamic WHERE clause, ORDER BY, and pagination
+   */
+  private buildQuery(params: InstanceQueryParams): {
+    sql: string;
+    countSql: string;
+    bindings: unknown[];
+  } {
+    const conditions: string[] = [];
+    const bindings: unknown[] = [];
+
+    // Base SELECT with JOIN
+    const selectClause = `
+      SELECT
+        it.id, it.provider_id, it.instance_id, it.instance_name,
+        it.vcpu, it.memory_mb, it.storage_gb, it.transfer_tb,
+        it.network_speed_gbps, it.gpu_count, it.gpu_type,
+        it.instance_family, it.metadata, it.created_at, it.updated_at,
+
+        p.name as provider_name,
+        p.display_name as provider_display_name,
+        p.api_base_url as provider_api_base_url,
+        p.last_sync_at as provider_last_sync_at,
+        p.sync_status as provider_sync_status,
+        p.sync_error as provider_sync_error,
+        p.created_at as provider_created_at,
+        p.updated_at as provider_updated_at,
+
+        r.id as region_id,
+        r.provider_id as region_provider_id,
+        r.region_code,
+        r.region_name,
+        r.country_code,
+        r.latitude,
+        r.longitude,
+        r.available as region_available,
+        r.created_at as region_created_at,
+        r.updated_at as region_updated_at,
+
+        pr.id as pricing_id,
+        pr.instance_type_id as pricing_instance_type_id,
+        pr.region_id as pricing_region_id,
+        pr.hourly_price,
+        pr.monthly_price,
+        pr.currency,
+        pr.available as pricing_available,
+        pr.created_at as pricing_created_at,
+        pr.updated_at as pricing_updated_at
+      FROM instance_types it
+      JOIN providers p ON it.provider_id = p.id
+      JOIN pricing pr ON pr.instance_type_id = it.id
+      JOIN regions r ON pr.region_id = r.id
+    `;
+
+    // Provider filter (name or ID)
+    if (params.provider && params.provider !== 'all') {
+      conditions.push('p.name = ?');
+      bindings.push(params.provider);
+    }
+
+    // Region filter
+    if (params.region_code) {
+      conditions.push('r.region_code = ?');
+      bindings.push(params.region_code);
+    }
+
+    // Instance family filter
+    if (params.family) {
+      conditions.push('it.instance_family = ?');
+      bindings.push(params.family);
+    }
+
+    // vCPU range filter
+    if (params.min_vcpu !== undefined) {
+      conditions.push('it.vcpu >= ?');
+      bindings.push(params.min_vcpu);
+    }
+
+    if (params.max_vcpu !== undefined) {
+      conditions.push('it.vcpu <= ?');
+      bindings.push(params.max_vcpu);
+    }
+
+    // Memory range filter (parameters in MB)
+    if (params.min_memory !== undefined) {
+      conditions.push('it.memory_mb >= ?');
+      bindings.push(params.min_memory);
+    }
+
+    if (params.max_memory !== undefined) {
+      conditions.push('it.memory_mb <= ?');
+      bindings.push(params.max_memory);
+    }
+
+    // Price range filter (hourly price)
+    if (params.min_price !== undefined) {
+      conditions.push('pr.hourly_price >= ?');
+      bindings.push(params.min_price);
+    }
+
+    if (params.max_price !== undefined) {
+      conditions.push('pr.hourly_price <= ?');
+      bindings.push(params.max_price);
+    }
+
+    // GPU filter
+    if (params.has_gpu !== undefined) {
+      if (params.has_gpu) {
+        conditions.push('it.gpu_count > 0');
+      } else {
+        conditions.push('it.gpu_count = 0');
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Build WHERE clause
+    const whereClause = conditions.length > 0 ? ' WHERE ' + conditions.join(' AND ') : '';
+
+    // Build ORDER BY clause
+    let orderByClause = '';
+    const sortBy = params.sort_by ?? 'hourly_price';
+    const sortOrder = params.sort_order ?? 'asc';
+
+    // Map sort fields to actual column names
+    const sortFieldMap: Record<string, string> = {
+      price: 'pr.hourly_price',
+      hourly_price: 'pr.hourly_price',
+      monthly_price: 'pr.monthly_price',
+      vcpu: 'it.vcpu',
+      memory: 'it.memory_mb',
+      memory_mb: 'it.memory_mb',
+      name: 'it.instance_name',
+      instance_name: 'it.instance_name',
+    };
+
+    const sortColumn = sortFieldMap[sortBy] ?? 'pr.hourly_price';
+    orderByClause = ` ORDER BY ${sortColumn} ${sortOrder.toUpperCase()}`;
+
+    // Build LIMIT and OFFSET
+    const page = params.page ?? 1;
+    const limit = Math.min(params.limit ?? 50, 100); // Max 100
+    const offset = (page - 1) * limit;
+
+    bindings.push(limit);
+    bindings.push(offset);
+
+    const limitClause = ' LIMIT ? OFFSET ?';
+
+    // Complete SQL query
+    const sql = selectClause + whereClause + orderByClause + limitClause;
+
+    // Count query (without ORDER BY and LIMIT)
+    const countSql = `
+      SELECT COUNT(*) as total
+      FROM instance_types it
+      JOIN providers p ON it.provider_id = p.id
+      JOIN pricing pr ON pr.instance_type_id = it.id
+      JOIN regions r ON pr.region_id = r.id
+      ${whereClause}
+    `;
+
+    // Bindings for count query (same filters, no limit/offset)
+    const countBindings = bindings.slice(0, -2);
+
+    return { sql, countSql, bindings: countBindings };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Transform flat query results into structured InstanceData objects
+   */
+  private transformResults(results: RawQueryResult[]): InstanceData[] {
+    return results.map((row) => {
+      const provider: Provider = {
+        id: row.provider_id,
+        name: row.provider_name,
+        display_name: row.provider_display_name,
+        api_base_url: row.provider_api_base_url,
+        last_sync_at: row.provider_last_sync_at,
+        sync_status: row.provider_sync_status as 'pending' | 'syncing' | 'success' | 'error',
+        sync_error: row.provider_sync_error,
+        created_at: row.provider_created_at,
+        updated_at: row.provider_updated_at,
+      };
+
+      const region: Region = {
+        id: row.region_id,
+        provider_id: row.region_provider_id,
+        region_code: row.region_code,
+        region_name: row.region_name,
+        country_code: row.country_code,
+        latitude: row.latitude,
+        longitude: row.longitude,
+        available: row.region_available,
+        created_at: row.region_created_at,
+        updated_at: row.region_updated_at,
+      };
+
+      const pricing: Pricing = {
+        id: row.pricing_id,
+        instance_type_id: row.pricing_instance_type_id,
+        region_id: row.pricing_region_id,
+        hourly_price: row.hourly_price,
+        monthly_price: row.monthly_price,
+        currency: row.currency,
+        available: row.pricing_available,
+        created_at: row.pricing_created_at,
+        updated_at: row.pricing_updated_at,
+      };
+
+      const instanceType: InstanceType = {
+        id: row.id,
+        provider_id: row.provider_id,
+        instance_id: row.instance_id,
+        instance_name: row.instance_name,
+        vcpu: row.vcpu,
+        memory_mb: row.memory_mb,
+        storage_gb: row.storage_gb,
+        transfer_tb: row.transfer_tb,
+        network_speed_gbps: row.network_speed_gbps,
+        gpu_count: row.gpu_count,
+        gpu_type: row.gpu_type,
+        instance_family: row.instance_family as any,
+        metadata: row.metadata,
+        created_at: row.created_at,
+        updated_at: row.updated_at,
+      };
+
+      return {
+        ...instanceType,
+        provider,
+        region,
+        pricing,
+      };
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Extract applied filters for metadata response
+   */
+  private extractAppliedFilters(params: InstanceQueryParams): Partial<InstanceQueryParams> {
+    const filters: Partial<InstanceQueryParams> = {};
+
+    if (params.provider) filters.provider = params.provider;
+    if (params.region_code) filters.region_code = params.region_code;
+    if (params.family) filters.family = params.family;
+    if (params.min_vcpu !== undefined) filters.min_vcpu = params.min_vcpu;
+    if (params.max_vcpu !== undefined) filters.max_vcpu = params.max_vcpu;
+    if (params.min_memory !== undefined) filters.min_memory = params.min_memory;
+    if (params.max_memory !== undefined) filters.max_memory = params.max_memory;
+    if (params.min_price !== undefined) filters.min_price = params.min_price;
+    if (params.max_price !== undefined) filters.max_price = params.max_price;
+    if (params.has_gpu !== undefined) filters.has_gpu = params.has_gpu;
+    if (params.sort_by) filters.sort_by = params.sort_by;
+    if (params.sort_order) filters.sort_order = params.sort_order;
+
+    return filters;
+  }
+}

src/services/sync.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+/**
+ * Sync Service - Orchestrates synchronization of cloud provider data
+ *
+ * Features:
+ * - Multi-provider synchronization (Linode, Vultr, AWS)
+ * - Stage-based sync process with error recovery
+ * - Provider status tracking and reporting
+ * - Batch operations for efficiency
+ *
+ * @example
+ * const orchestrator = new SyncOrchestrator(db, vault);
+ * const report = await orchestrator.syncAll(['linode']);
+ */
+
+import { VaultClient } from '../connectors/vault';
+import { LinodeConnector } from '../connectors/linode';
+import { VultrConnector } from '../connectors/vultr';
+import { AWSConnector } from '../connectors/aws';
+import { RepositoryFactory } from '../repositories';
+import type {
+  ProviderSyncResult,
+  SyncReport,
+  RegionInput,
+  InstanceTypeInput,
+  PricingInput,
+} from '../types';
+
+/**
+ * Synchronization stages
+ */
+export enum SyncStage {
+  INIT = 'init',
+  FETCH_CREDENTIALS = 'fetch_credentials',
+  FETCH_REGIONS = 'fetch_regions',
+  FETCH_INSTANCES = 'fetch_instances',
+  NORMALIZE = 'normalize',
+  PERSIST = 'persist',
+  VALIDATE = 'validate',
+  COMPLETE = 'complete',
+}
+
+/**
+ * Cloud provider connector interface
+ * All provider connectors must implement this interface
+ */
+export interface CloudConnector {
+  /** Authenticate and validate credentials */
+  authenticate(): Promise<void>;
+
+  /** Fetch all available regions */
+  getRegions(): Promise<RegionInput[]>;
+
+  /** Fetch all instance types */
+  getInstanceTypes(): Promise<InstanceTypeInput[]>;
+
+  /** Fetch pricing data for instances and regions */
+  getPricing(instanceTypeIds: number[], regionIds: number[]): Promise<PricingInput[]>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sync orchestrator for managing provider synchronization
+ */
+export class SyncOrchestrator {
+  private repos: RepositoryFactory;
+
+  constructor(
+    db: D1Database,
+    private vault: VaultClient
+  ) {
+    this.repos = new RepositoryFactory(db);
+    console.log('[SyncOrchestrator] Initialized');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Synchronize a single provider
+   *
+   * @param provider - Provider name (linode, vultr, aws)
+   * @returns Sync result with statistics and error information
+   */
+  async syncProvider(provider: string): Promise<ProviderSyncResult> {
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+    let stage = SyncStage.INIT;
+
+    console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] Starting sync for provider: ${provider}`);
+
+    try {
+      // Stage 1: Initialize - Update provider status to syncing
+      stage = SyncStage.INIT;
+      await this.repos.providers.updateSyncStatus(provider, 'syncing');
+      console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] ${provider} → ${stage}`);
+
+      // Stage 2: Fetch credentials from Vault
+      stage = SyncStage.FETCH_CREDENTIALS;
+      const connector = await this.createConnector(provider);
+      await connector.authenticate();
+      console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] ${provider} → ${stage}`);
+
+      // Get provider record
+      const providerRecord = await this.repos.providers.findByName(provider);
+      if (!providerRecord) {
+        throw new Error(`Provider not found in database: ${provider}`);
+      }
+
+      // Stage 3: Fetch regions from provider API
+      stage = SyncStage.FETCH_REGIONS;
+      const regions = await connector.getRegions();
+      console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] ${provider} → ${stage} (${regions.length} regions)`);
+
+      // Stage 4: Fetch instance types from provider API
+      stage = SyncStage.FETCH_INSTANCES;
+      const instances = await connector.getInstanceTypes();
+      console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] ${provider} → ${stage} (${instances.length} instances)`);
+
+      // Stage 5: Normalize data (add provider_id)
+      stage = SyncStage.NORMALIZE;
+      const normalizedRegions = regions.map(r => ({
+        ...r,
+        provider_id: providerRecord.id,
+      }));
+      const normalizedInstances = instances.map(i => ({
+        ...i,
+        provider_id: providerRecord.id,
+      }));
+      console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] ${provider} → ${stage}`);
+
+      // Stage 6: Persist to database
+      stage = SyncStage.PERSIST;
+      const regionsCount = await this.repos.regions.upsertMany(
+        providerRecord.id,
+        normalizedRegions
+      );
+      const instancesCount = await this.repos.instances.upsertMany(
+        providerRecord.id,
+        normalizedInstances
+      );
+
+      // Fetch pricing data - need instance and region IDs from DB
+      const dbRegions = await this.repos.regions.findByProvider(providerRecord.id);
+      const dbInstances = await this.repos.instances.findByProvider(providerRecord.id);
+
+      const regionIds = dbRegions.map(r => r.id);
+      const instanceTypeIds = dbInstances.map(i => i.id);
+
+      const pricing = await connector.getPricing(instanceTypeIds, regionIds);
+      const pricingCount = await this.repos.pricing.upsertMany(pricing);
+
+      console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] ${provider} → ${stage} (regions: ${regionsCount}, instances: ${instancesCount}, pricing: ${pricingCount})`);
+
+      // Stage 7: Validate
+      stage = SyncStage.VALIDATE;
+      if (regionsCount === 0 || instancesCount === 0) {
+        throw new Error('No data was synced - possible API or parsing issue');
+      }
+      console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] ${provider} → ${stage}`);
+
+      // Stage 8: Complete - Update provider status to success
+      stage = SyncStage.COMPLETE;
+      await this.repos.providers.updateSyncStatus(provider, 'success');
+
+      const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
+      console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] ${provider} → ${stage} (${duration}ms)`);
+
+      return {
+        provider,
+        success: true,
+        regions_synced: regionsCount,
+        instances_synced: instancesCount,
+        pricing_synced: pricingCount,
+        duration_ms: duration,
+      };
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
+      const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error';
+
+      console.error(`[SyncOrchestrator] ${provider} failed at ${stage}:`, error);
+
+      // Update provider status to error
+      try {
+        await this.repos.providers.updateSyncStatus(provider, 'error', errorMessage);
+      } catch (statusError) {
+        console.error(`[SyncOrchestrator] Failed to update provider status:`, statusError);
+      }
+
+      return {
+        provider,
+        success: false,
+        regions_synced: 0,
+        instances_synced: 0,
+        pricing_synced: 0,
+        duration_ms: duration,
+        error: errorMessage,
+        error_details: {
+          stage,
+          message: errorMessage,
+          stack: error instanceof Error ? error.stack : undefined,
+        },
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Synchronize all providers
+   * Runs synchronizations in parallel for efficiency
+   *
+   * @param providers - Array of provider names to sync (defaults to all supported providers)
+   * @returns Complete sync report with statistics
+   */
+  async syncAll(providers = ['linode', 'vultr', 'aws']): Promise<SyncReport> {
+    const startedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+
+    console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] Starting sync for providers: ${providers.join(', ')}`);
+
+    // Run all provider syncs in parallel
+    const results = await Promise.allSettled(
+      providers.map(p => this.syncProvider(p))
+    );
+
+    // Extract results
+    const providerResults: ProviderSyncResult[] = results.map((result, index) => {
+      if (result.status === 'fulfilled') {
+        return result.value;
+      } else {
+        // Handle rejected promises
+        const provider = providers[index];
+        const errorMessage = result.reason instanceof Error
+          ? result.reason.message
+          : 'Unknown error';
+
+        console.error(`[SyncOrchestrator] ${provider} promise rejected:`, result.reason);
+
+        return {
+          provider,
+          success: false,
+          regions_synced: 0,
+          instances_synced: 0,
+          pricing_synced: 0,
+          duration_ms: 0,
+          error: errorMessage,
+        };
+      }
+    });
+
+    const completedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+    const totalDuration = Date.now() - startTime;
+
+    // Calculate summary
+    const successful = providerResults.filter(r => r.success);
+    const failed = providerResults.filter(r => !r.success);
+
+    const summary = {
+      total_providers: providers.length,
+      successful_providers: successful.length,
+      failed_providers: failed.length,
+      total_regions: providerResults.reduce((sum, r) => sum + r.regions_synced, 0),
+      total_instances: providerResults.reduce((sum, r) => sum + r.instances_synced, 0),
+      total_pricing: providerResults.reduce((sum, r) => sum + r.pricing_synced, 0),
+    };
+
+    const report: SyncReport = {
+      success: failed.length === 0,
+      started_at: startedAt,
+      completed_at: completedAt,
+      total_duration_ms: totalDuration,
+      providers: providerResults,
+      summary,
+    };
+
+    console.log(`[SyncOrchestrator] Sync complete:`, {
+      total: summary.total_providers,
+      success: summary.successful_providers,
+      failed: summary.failed_providers,
+      duration: `${totalDuration}ms`,
+    });
+
+    return report;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create connector for a specific provider
+   *
+   * @param provider - Provider name
+   * @returns Connector instance for the provider
+   * @throws Error if provider is not supported
+   */
+  private async createConnector(provider: string): Promise<CloudConnector> {
+    switch (provider.toLowerCase()) {
+      case 'linode': {
+        const connector = new LinodeConnector(this.vault);
+        return {
+          authenticate: () => connector.initialize(),
+          getRegions: async () => {
+            const regions = await connector.fetchRegions();
+            const providerRecord = await this.repos.providers.findByName('linode');
+            const providerId = providerRecord?.id ?? 0;
+            return regions.map(r => connector.normalizeRegion(r, providerId));
+          },
+          getInstanceTypes: async () => {
+            const instances = await connector.fetchInstanceTypes();
+            const providerRecord = await this.repos.providers.findByName('linode');
+            const providerId = providerRecord?.id ?? 0;
+            return instances.map(i => connector.normalizeInstance(i, providerId));
+          },
+          getPricing: async () => {
+            // Linode pricing is included in instance types
+            return [];
+          },
+        };
+      }
+
+      case 'vultr': {
+        const connector = new VultrConnector(this.vault);
+        return {
+          authenticate: () => connector.initialize(),
+          getRegions: async () => {
+            const regions = await connector.fetchRegions();
+            const providerRecord = await this.repos.providers.findByName('vultr');
+            const providerId = providerRecord?.id ?? 0;
+            return regions.map(r => connector.normalizeRegion(r, providerId));
+          },
+          getInstanceTypes: async () => {
+            const plans = await connector.fetchPlans();
+            const providerRecord = await this.repos.providers.findByName('vultr');
+            const providerId = providerRecord?.id ?? 0;
+            return plans.map(p => connector.normalizeInstance(p, providerId));
+          },
+          getPricing: async () => {
+            // Vultr pricing is included in plans
+            return [];
+          },
+        };
+      }
+
+      case 'aws': {
+        const connector = new AWSConnector(this.vault);
+        return {
+          authenticate: () => connector.initialize(),
+          getRegions: async () => {
+            const regions = await connector.fetchRegions();
+            const providerRecord = await this.repos.providers.findByName('aws');
+            const providerId = providerRecord?.id ?? 0;
+            return regions.map(r => connector.normalizeRegion(r, providerId));
+          },
+          getInstanceTypes: async () => {
+            const instances = await connector.fetchInstanceTypes();
+            const providerRecord = await this.repos.providers.findByName('aws');
+            const providerId = providerRecord?.id ?? 0;
+            return instances.map(i => connector.normalizeInstance(i, providerId));
+          },
+          getPricing: async () => {
+            // AWS pricing is included in instance types from ec2.shop
+            return [];
+          },
+        };
+      }
+
+      default:
+        throw new Error(`Unsupported provider: ${provider}`);
+    }
+  }
+}

src/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+/**
+ * Vault Credentials Types
+ */
+export interface VaultCredentials {
+  provider: string;
+  api_token: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Vault API Response Structure
+ */
+export interface VaultSecretResponse {
+  data: {
+    data: {
+      provider: string;
+      api_token: string;
+    };
+    metadata: {
+      created_time: string;
+      custom_metadata: null;
+      deletion_time: string;
+      destroyed: boolean;
+      version: number;
+    };
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Cache Entry Structure
+ */
+export interface CacheEntry<T> {
+  data: T;
+  expiresAt: number;
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Database Entity Types
+// ============================================================
+
+export interface Provider {
+  id: number;
+  name: string;
+  display_name: string;
+  api_base_url: string | null;
+  last_sync_at: string | null; // ISO 8601 datetime
+  sync_status: 'pending' | 'syncing' | 'success' | 'error';
+  sync_error: string | null;
+  created_at: string;
+  updated_at: string;
+}
+
+export interface Region {
+  id: number;
+  provider_id: number;
+  region_code: string;
+  region_name: string;
+  country_code: string | null; // ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
+  latitude: number | null;
+  longitude: number | null;
+  available: number; // SQLite boolean (0/1)
+  created_at: string;
+  updated_at: string;
+}
+
+export type InstanceFamily = 'general' | 'compute' | 'memory' | 'storage' | 'gpu';
+
+export interface InstanceType {
+  id: number;
+  provider_id: number;
+  instance_id: string;
+  instance_name: string;
+  vcpu: number;
+  memory_mb: number;
+  storage_gb: number;
+  transfer_tb: number | null;
+  network_speed_gbps: number | null;
+  gpu_count: number;
+  gpu_type: string | null;
+  instance_family: InstanceFamily | null;
+  metadata: string | null; // JSON string
+  created_at: string;
+  updated_at: string;
+}
+
+export interface Pricing {
+  id: number;
+  instance_type_id: number;
+  region_id: number;
+  hourly_price: number;
+  monthly_price: number;
+  currency: string;
+  available: number; // SQLite boolean (0/1)
+  created_at: string;
+  updated_at: string;
+}
+
+export interface PriceHistory {
+  id: number;
+  pricing_id: number;
+  hourly_price: number;
+  monthly_price: number;
+  recorded_at: string;
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Repository Input Types (for create/update operations)
+// ============================================================
+
+export type ProviderInput = Omit<Provider, 'id' | 'created_at' | 'updated_at'>;
+export type RegionInput = Omit<Region, 'id' | 'created_at' | 'updated_at'>;
+export type InstanceTypeInput = Omit<InstanceType, 'id' | 'created_at' | 'updated_at'>;
+export type PricingInput = Omit<Pricing, 'id' | 'created_at' | 'updated_at'>;
+
+// ============================================================
+// Error Types
+// ============================================================
+
+export class RepositoryError extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    message: string,
+    public readonly code: string,
+    public readonly cause?: unknown
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'RepositoryError';
+  }
+}
+
+// Common error codes
+export const ErrorCodes = {
+  NOT_FOUND: 'NOT_FOUND',
+  DUPLICATE: 'DUPLICATE',
+  CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION: 'CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION',
+  DATABASE_ERROR: 'DATABASE_ERROR',
+  TRANSACTION_FAILED: 'TRANSACTION_FAILED',
+  INVALID_INPUT: 'INVALID_INPUT',
+} as const;
+
+// ============================================================
+// Pagination Types
+// ============================================================
+
+export interface PaginationOptions {
+  limit?: number;
+  offset?: number;
+}
+
+export interface PaginatedResult<T> {
+  data: T[];
+  total: number;
+  limit: number;
+  offset: number;
+  hasMore: boolean;
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// API Query and Response Types
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * Query parameters for instance search and filtering
+ */
+export interface InstanceQueryParams {
+  /** Provider filter (provider ID or name) */
+  provider?: string;
+  /** Region code filter */
+  region_code?: string;
+  /** Instance family filter */
+  family?: InstanceFamily;
+  /** Minimum vCPU count */
+  min_vcpu?: number;
+  /** Maximum vCPU count */
+  max_vcpu?: number;
+  /** Minimum memory in MB */
+  min_memory?: number;
+  /** Maximum memory in MB */
+  max_memory?: number;
+  /** Minimum hourly price */
+  min_price?: number;
+  /** Maximum hourly price */
+  max_price?: number;
+  /** Filter for GPU instances */
+  has_gpu?: boolean;
+  /** CPU architecture filter */
+  architecture?: string;
+  /** Sort field (e.g., 'hourly_price', 'vcpu', 'memory_mb') */
+  sort_by?: string;
+  /** Sort order ('asc' or 'desc') */
+  sort_order?: 'asc' | 'desc';
+  /** Page number for pagination (1-indexed) */
+  page?: number;
+  /** Number of results per page */
+  limit?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Combined instance data with pricing and relationships
+ */
+export interface InstanceData extends InstanceType {
+  /** Provider information */
+  provider: Provider;
+  /** Region information */
+  region: Region;
+  /** Current pricing information */
+  pricing: Pricing;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Paginated API response for instance queries
+ */
+export interface InstanceResponse {
+  /** Array of instance data */
+  data: InstanceData[];
+  /** Pagination metadata */
+  pagination: {
+    /** Current page number (1-indexed) */
+    current_page: number;
+    /** Total number of pages */
+    total_pages: number;
+    /** Number of results per page */
+    per_page: number;
+    /** Total number of results */
+    total_results: number;
+    /** Whether there is a next page */
+    has_next: boolean;
+    /** Whether there is a previous page */
+    has_previous: boolean;
+  };
+  /** Query execution metadata */
+  meta: {
+    /** Query execution time in milliseconds */
+    query_time_ms: number;
+    /** Applied filters summary */
+    filters_applied: Partial<InstanceQueryParams>;
+  };
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Sync Report Types
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * Synchronization report for a single provider
+ */
+export interface ProviderSyncResult {
+  /** Provider identifier */
+  provider: string;
+  /** Synchronization success status */
+  success: boolean;
+  /** Number of regions synced */
+  regions_synced: number;
+  /** Number of instances synced */
+  instances_synced: number;
+  /** Number of pricing records synced */
+  pricing_synced: number;
+  /** Sync duration in milliseconds */
+  duration_ms: number;
+  /** Error message if sync failed */
+  error?: string;
+  /** Detailed error information */
+  error_details?: any;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Complete synchronization report for all providers
+ */
+export interface SyncReport {
+  /** Overall sync success status */
+  success: boolean;
+  /** Sync start timestamp (ISO 8601) */
+  started_at: string;
+  /** Sync completion timestamp (ISO 8601) */
+  completed_at: string;
+  /** Total sync duration in milliseconds */
+  total_duration_ms: number;
+  /** Results for each provider */
+  providers: ProviderSyncResult[];
+  /** Summary statistics */
+  summary: {
+    /** Total number of providers synced */
+    total_providers: number;
+    /** Number of successful provider syncs */
+    successful_providers: number;
+    /** Number of failed provider syncs */
+    failed_providers: number;
+    /** Total regions synced across all providers */
+    total_regions: number;
+    /** Total instances synced across all providers */
+    total_instances: number;
+    /** Total pricing records synced across all providers */
+    total_pricing: number;
+  };
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Health Check Types
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * Health check response
+ */
+export interface HealthResponse {
+  /** Service health status */
+  status: 'healthy' | 'degraded' | 'unhealthy';
+  /** Service version */
+  version: string;
+  /** Response timestamp (ISO 8601) */
+  timestamp: string;
+  /** Database connection status */
+  database: {
+    /** Database connection status */
+    connected: boolean;
+    /** Database response time in milliseconds */
+    latency_ms?: number;
+  };
+  /** Uptime in seconds */
+  uptime_seconds: number;
+  /** Additional health metrics */
+  metrics?: {
+    /** Total number of instances in database */
+    total_instances?: number;
+    /** Total number of providers */
+    total_providers?: number;
+    /** Last successful sync timestamp (ISO 8601) */
+    last_sync_at?: string;
+  };
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Cloudflare Worker Environment Types
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * Cloudflare Worker environment bindings and variables
+ */
+export interface Env {
+  /** D1 Database binding */
+  DB: D1Database;
+  /** Vault server URL for credentials management */
+  VAULT_URL: string;
+  /** Vault authentication token */
+  VAULT_TOKEN: string;
+  /** Batch size for synchronization operations */
+  SYNC_BATCH_SIZE?: string;
+  /** Cache TTL in seconds */
+  CACHE_TTL_SECONDS?: string;
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Synchronization Types
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * Synchronization stage enumeration
+ */
+export enum SyncStage {
+  /** Initial stage before sync starts */
+  IDLE = 'idle',
+  /** Fetching provider credentials from Vault */
+  FETCH_CREDENTIALS = 'fetch_credentials',
+  /** Fetching regions from provider API */
+  FETCH_REGIONS = 'fetch_regions',
+  /** Fetching instance types from provider API */
+  FETCH_INSTANCES = 'fetch_instances',
+  /** Fetching pricing data from provider API */
+  FETCH_PRICING = 'fetch_pricing',
+  /** Normalizing and transforming data */
+  NORMALIZE_DATA = 'normalize_data',
+  /** Storing data in database */
+  STORE_DATA = 'store_data',
+  /** Sync completed successfully */
+  COMPLETED = 'completed',
+  /** Sync failed with error */
+  FAILED = 'failed',
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalized data structure for batch database operations
+ */
+export interface NormalizedData {
+  /** Normalized region data ready for insertion */
+  regions: RegionInput[];
+  /** Normalized instance type data ready for insertion */
+  instances: InstanceTypeInput[];
+  /** Normalized pricing data ready for insertion */
+  pricing: PricingInput[];
+}
+
+// ============================================================
+// Additional Utility Types
+// ============================================================
+
+/**
+ * Generic API error response
+ */
+export interface ApiError {
+  /** Error status code */
+  status: number;
+  /** Error type identifier */
+  error: string;
+  /** Human-readable error message */
+  message: string;
+  /** Additional error details */
+  details?: any;
+  /** Request timestamp (ISO 8601) */
+  timestamp: string;
+  /** Request path that caused the error */
+  path?: string;
+}

tests/vault.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+import { VaultClient, VaultError } from '../src/connectors/vault';
+import type { VaultSecretResponse } from '../src/types';
+
+// Mock fetch globally
+const mockFetch = vi.fn();
+global.fetch = mockFetch;
+
+describe('VaultClient', () => {
+  const baseUrl = 'https://vault.anvil.it.com';
+  const token = 'hvs.test-token';
+  let client: VaultClient;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    client = new VaultClient(baseUrl, token);
+    mockFetch.mockClear();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllTimers();
+  });
+
+  describe('constructor', () => {
+    it('should initialize with correct baseUrl and token', () => {
+      expect(client).toBeInstanceOf(VaultClient);
+    });
+
+    it('should remove trailing slash from baseUrl', () => {
+      const clientWithSlash = new VaultClient('https://vault.anvil.it.com/', token);
+      expect(clientWithSlash).toBeInstanceOf(VaultClient);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('getCredentials', () => {
+    const mockSuccessResponse: VaultSecretResponse = {
+      data: {
+        data: {
+          provider: 'linode',
+          api_token: 'test-api-token-123',
+        },
+        metadata: {
+          created_time: '2024-01-21T10:00:00Z',
+          custom_metadata: null,
+          deletion_time: '',
+          destroyed: false,
+          version: 1,
+        },
+      },
+    };
+
+    it('should successfully retrieve credentials from Vault', async () => {
+      mockFetch.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        ok: true,
+        status: 200,
+        json: async () => mockSuccessResponse,
+      });
+
+      const credentials = await client.getCredentials('linode');
+
+      expect(credentials).toEqual({
+        provider: 'linode',
+        api_token: 'test-api-token-123',
+      });
+
+      expect(mockFetch).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        'https://vault.anvil.it.com/v1/secret/data/linode',
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          method: 'GET',
+          headers: {
+            'X-Vault-Token': token,
+            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+          },
+        })
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should use cached credentials on second call', async () => {
+      mockFetch.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        ok: true,
+        status: 200,
+        json: async () => mockSuccessResponse,
+      });
+
+      // First call - should fetch from Vault
+      const credentials1 = await client.getCredentials('linode');
+      expect(mockFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+
+      // Second call - should use cache
+      const credentials2 = await client.getCredentials('linode');
+      expect(mockFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1); // No additional fetch
+      expect(credentials2).toEqual(credentials1);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw VaultError on 401 Unauthorized', async () => {
+      mockFetch.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: false,
+        status: 401,
+        statusText: 'Unauthorized',
+        json: async () => ({ errors: ['permission denied'] }),
+      });
+
+      await expect(client.getCredentials('linode')).rejects.toThrow(VaultError);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw VaultError on 403 Forbidden', async () => {
+      mockFetch.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: false,
+        status: 403,
+        statusText: 'Forbidden',
+        json: async () => ({ errors: ['permission denied'] }),
+      });
+
+      await expect(client.getCredentials('linode')).rejects.toThrow(VaultError);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw VaultError on 404 Not Found', async () => {
+      mockFetch.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: false,
+        status: 404,
+        statusText: 'Not Found',
+        json: async () => ({}),
+      });
+
+      await expect(client.getCredentials('unknown')).rejects.toThrow(VaultError);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw VaultError on 500 Server Error', async () => {
+      mockFetch.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: false,
+        status: 500,
+        statusText: 'Internal Server Error',
+        json: async () => ({ errors: ['internal server error'] }),
+      });
+
+      await expect(client.getCredentials('linode')).rejects.toThrow(VaultError);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw VaultError on timeout', async () => {
+      // Mock fetch to simulate AbortError
+      mockFetch.mockImplementation(() => {
+        const error = new Error('This operation was aborted');
+        error.name = 'AbortError';
+        return Promise.reject(error);
+      });
+
+      await expect(client.getCredentials('linode')).rejects.toThrow(VaultError);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw VaultError on invalid response structure', async () => {
+      mockFetch.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: true,
+        status: 200,
+        json: async () => ({ invalid: 'structure' }),
+      });
+
+      await expect(client.getCredentials('linode')).rejects.toThrow(VaultError);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw VaultError on missing required fields', async () => {
+      mockFetch.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: true,
+        status: 200,
+        json: async () => ({
+          data: {
+            data: {
+              provider: 'linode',
+              api_token: '', // Empty token
+            },
+            metadata: mockSuccessResponse.data.metadata,
+          },
+        }),
+      });
+
+      await expect(client.getCredentials('linode')).rejects.toThrow(VaultError);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle network errors gracefully', async () => {
+      mockFetch.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Network error'));
+
+      await expect(client.getCredentials('linode')).rejects.toThrow(VaultError);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('cache management', () => {
+    it('should clear cache for specific provider', async () => {
+      const mockResponse: VaultSecretResponse = {
+        data: {
+          data: { provider: 'linode', api_token: 'token1' },
+          metadata: {
+            created_time: '2024-01-21T10:00:00Z',
+            custom_metadata: null,
+            deletion_time: '',
+            destroyed: false,
+            version: 1,
+          },
+        },
+      };
+
+      mockFetch.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: true,
+        status: 200,
+        json: async () => mockResponse,
+      });
+
+      // Fetch and cache
+      await client.getCredentials('linode');
+      expect(mockFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+
+      // Clear cache
+      client.clearCache('linode');
+
+      // Should fetch again
+      await client.getCredentials('linode');
+      expect(mockFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    });
+
+    it('should clear all cache', async () => {
+      const mockLinode: VaultSecretResponse = {
+        data: {
+          data: { provider: 'linode', api_token: 'token1' },
+          metadata: {
+            created_time: '2024-01-21T10:00:00Z',
+            custom_metadata: null,
+            deletion_time: '',
+            destroyed: false,
+            version: 1,
+          },
+        },
+      };
+
+      const mockVultr: VaultSecretResponse = {
+        data: {
+          data: { provider: 'vultr', api_token: 'token2' },
+          metadata: {
+            created_time: '2024-01-21T10:00:00Z',
+            custom_metadata: null,
+            deletion_time: '',
+            destroyed: false,
+            version: 1,
+          },
+        },
+      };
+
+      mockFetch
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+          ok: true,
+          status: 200,
+          json: async () => mockLinode,
+        })
+        .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+          ok: true,
+          status: 200,
+          json: async () => mockVultr,
+        });
+
+      // Cache both providers
+      await client.getCredentials('linode');
+      await client.getCredentials('vultr');
+
+      const statsBefore = client.getCacheStats();
+      expect(statsBefore.size).toBe(2);
+      expect(statsBefore.providers).toContain('linode');
+      expect(statsBefore.providers).toContain('vultr');
+
+      // Clear all cache
+      client.clearCache();
+
+      const statsAfter = client.getCacheStats();
+      expect(statsAfter.size).toBe(0);
+      expect(statsAfter.providers).toEqual([]);
+    });
+
+    it('should provide cache statistics', async () => {
+      const mockResponse: VaultSecretResponse = {
+        data: {
+          data: { provider: 'linode', api_token: 'token1' },
+          metadata: {
+            created_time: '2024-01-21T10:00:00Z',
+            custom_metadata: null,
+            deletion_time: '',
+            destroyed: false,
+            version: 1,
+          },
+        },
+      };
+
+      mockFetch.mockResolvedValue({
+        ok: true,
+        status: 200,
+        json: async () => mockResponse,
+      });
+
+      // Initially empty
+      let stats = client.getCacheStats();
+      expect(stats.size).toBe(0);
+      expect(stats.providers).toEqual([]);
+
+      // After caching
+      await client.getCredentials('linode');
+      stats = client.getCacheStats();
+      expect(stats.size).toBe(1);
+      expect(stats.providers).toEqual(['linode']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('VaultError', () => {
+    it('should create error with all properties', () => {
+      const error = new VaultError('Test error', 404, 'linode');
+
+      expect(error).toBeInstanceOf(Error);
+      expect(error.name).toBe('VaultError');
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Test error');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBe(404);
+      expect(error.provider).toBe('linode');
+    });
+
+    it('should create error without optional properties', () => {
+      const error = new VaultError('Test error');
+
+      expect(error.message).toBe('Test error');
+      expect(error.statusCode).toBeUndefined();
+      expect(error.provider).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+  });
+});

tsconfig.json

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "ES2022",
+    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
+    "lib": ["ES2022"],
+    "types": ["@cloudflare/workers-types"],
+    "strict": true,
+    "noEmit": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "esModuleInterop": true,
+    "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,
+    "resolveJsonModule": true,
+    "isolatedModules": true,
+    "noUnusedLocals": true,
+    "noUnusedParameters": true,
+    "noImplicitReturns": true,
+    "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,
+    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
+    "baseUrl": ".",
+    "paths": {
+      "@/*": ["src/*"]
+    }
+  },
+  "include": ["src/**/*"],
+  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
+}

wrangler.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name = "cloud-instances-api"
+main = "src/index.ts"
+compatibility_date = "2024-12-01"
+
+# D1 Database Binding
+[[d1_databases]]
+binding = "DB"
+database_name = "cloud-instances-db"
+database_id = "placeholder-will-be-replaced"
+
+# Environment Variables
+[vars]
+VAULT_URL = "https://vault.anvil.it.com"
+SYNC_BATCH_SIZE = "100"
+CACHE_TTL_SECONDS = "300"
+
+# Cron Triggers
+[triggers]
+crons = [
+  "0 0 * * *",
+  "0 */6 * * *"
+]